Balanced ration suresh

Balanced diet for optimizing animal production and productivity

1. Balanced Diet for Optimizing
Animal Production
R. Suresh
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Animal Nutrition
VCRI, Orathanadu
Email id: [email protected]

2. Basic Definitions and Terminologies
BalancedDiet→Onewhichprovidesdifferentkindsofnutrientsincertainquantities
andproportionsofalltherequirednutrients
Optimizing→ Make the best use of a resource (or) Most effective use of a resource
Animal Production → Meat, milk and eggs
Animal Productivity → Birth rate, mortality rate, off-take rate, etc.
Diet Ration Balanced Ration

3. Nutrients
MacroNutrients
MicroNutrients
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

4. Importance of Minerals
Mineralsareinorganicelements
Requiredforthemetabolicfunctions,growth,milkproduction,reproductionandhealth
Animalcannotsynthesizemineralsinsideitsbody,itneedstosupplementthroughdiet
Feedandfoddersareverypoorsourceofminerals;donotprovidealltheminerals
requiredforananimal
Animalshouldbesupplementedwithadequateamountofgoodqualitymineralmixture
intheirration

5. Use of Nutrients
Feed or Diet
Water
CHO
Protein
Lipid
Vitamin
Mineral
Nutrients to
tissue
(in blood)
Maintenance
Growth
Work
Milk,egg&meatetc.
(Productionfunctions)
Digestion
Faeces
Metabolism
UrineGasHeat

6. Use of NutrientsImportance of feed and fodder
Feedandfodder
Essentialforlife
Toexploitmaximumgeneticpotential
Underfeeding→Deficiencydisordersandillhealth(reducedimmunity)
Underfeeding→Reducedgrowth,reproductionandproduction
Fodders(greenanddry)→PlayamajorroleinRuminantration
Providesbulkiness&sourceoffibre
Greenfodder→coolingeffect
Availableinplenty→↓concentratefeeding→↓productioncost
Pooravailability→↑concentratefeeding→↑productioncost

7. Need of Ration Balancing
Concentrationofnutrientisextremelyvariablebetweenfeedingredients
Foragesarerichinfibre
Grainsarerichinenergyand
Oilcakesarerichinprotein
Solefeedingofoneparticularfeedingredientmaynotbecapableofmeetingallthenutrient
needsofananimal
Phytatesandoxalates→Reducesdietarymineral(i.e.,calcium,phosphorusandzinc)availability
Therefore,preparationofbalancedrationusingdifferentfeedingredientsand
supplementingdeficitnutrientsisvitalforaugmentingtheproductivityofananimal
Inlivestockrearing,65-70%ofthetotalcostisattributedtofeeding
Minimizingtheexpensetowardsfeedingincreasestheprofit
Roughages are low in TDN
Concentrates are high in TDN

8. Desirable characteristic of a ration
TheRationshouldbeproperlybalanced
TherationmustbePalatable
VarietyofFeedintheRation
TheRationshouldcontainenoughofmineralmatter
TheRationshouldbefairlyLaxative
TheRationshouldbefairlybulky
Therationshouldcontainsufficientgreenfodder
Avoidsuddenchangesintheration
MaintainregularityinFeeding
TheFeedmustbeproperlyprepared
ARationshouldnotbetoobulky
EconomyinLabourandCost

9. Current Scenario in Balanced Feeding -India
Dairycows→Poorlyadopted(70%dairyfarmersarelandlessandmarginalfarmers)
SheepandGoat→Poorlyadopted
Swine→Poorlyadopted(Non-availabilityofcommercialfeedsinthemarket)
Poultry→Comparativelywelladopted(Integrationsystem)
FishandShrimp→Comparativelywelladopted
Problems Solutions
Verypoorawarenessofqualityfeed,whichhindersproductivity
Farmerstraining→Throughexperts
Farmerslackinformationonfeeding&managementpractices
Farmersnotinterestedinqualityfeedbecauseofthelowprice
ofmilkandotherlivestockproducts
Goodpriceformilk
Goodpriceforotherlivestockproducts
Lowcapabilityofpurchasingfeedsandfodder Preparationofconcentratemixtureatfarmgate
levelreducestheproductioncost
Inadequatefeeding/Underfeeding Trainingonrationbalancing
Ensuringqualityfeedsupply

10. Why Balanced Ration?
Dairycows
Priortowhiterevolution
Low milk yield
Mainly for manure, plowing and bullock carting
Verygoodpastures,grazinglands→Nutritionalneedsaremet
Afterwhiterevolution→Dairyingbecameanindustry
Geneticimprovement(Crossbreeding)→↑milkyieldandfastergrowthrate
Mainlyformilkproduction
Lackofpasturesandgrazinglands
Transitionofproductionpractice→Free-rangegrazingtoconfinedhousing
Concentratefeedingisessentialtomeettherequirements
Poultry→Backyardtodeeplitterorcagesystem
Fastergrowthrateofbroilers→from9weeksitcameto6weeks
Layers→from100eggsto300eggs
Otherspecies→forthebetterproductionandproductivity

11. Toacquiremaximumgeneticpotential→“Nutritionallybalanceddiet”isindispensable
Livestockshouldbefedwithbalancedrationbasedonitsbodyweightandproduction
performance→Toacquiremaximumgeneticpotential
Imbalancedfeeding
Leadstoexcessfeedingofsomenutrientswhilstothersremaindeficient
Affectsvariousphysiologicalfunctions;includinglongtermanimalhealth,fertilityand
productivity
Feedingawell-balancedrationcanleadtogreaterreturnsinthelongterm,
inareassuchasimmunefunction,reproduction,growthandmaintained
bodycondition
Why Balanced Ration?

12. Consequence of Imbalanced Feeding in Dairy Cows
Slow growth
&
Delayed age at 1
st
calving
Poor growth
and
Reproduction
Longer calving
intervals
&
Shorter lactation
length
Low milk
production
Shorter
productive
life
↑Metabolic
disorders
(Milk fever,
ketosis, etc.)
↑ Carbon foot
print
Excessfeeding
Wasteofnutrients,nutrientsexcretedinfaeces,
environmentalpollution,morefeedingcostandlessprofit
Underfeeding
Drainofstorednutrientsfromthebody(ATMmachine)
Shortterm→Deficiencysymptoms
Longterm→Deficiencydiseasesanddisorders
Highconcentratefeeding→SARAorAcidosis
Lowenergydiet→Ketosis(Cattle&Pregnantsheep)
Lowproteindiet→Poorgrowth(Broilers)
Lowcalciumdiet→Milkfever
Lowcalciumdiet→Leatheryeggs,weakbones&rubbery
beak(Layinghens)

13. Benefits of Balanced feeding –Dairy cows
Improvementinmilkproduction&quality(fatandSolids-not-fat(SNF))
Possiblereductionindailyfeedingcost→↑innetdailyincome
Improvementinreproductionefficiencyofanimals
Reductionincalvingintervalandasaresultincreaseinproductivelife
Improvementinthegrowthrateofcalves→earlymaturity&calving
Betterimmuneresponse,hencebetterresistanceagainstdiseases(↑IgG,IgMandIgA)
Reductioninmethaneemission(15–20percentperkgmilkproduced)
Reductioninnitrogenexcretion

14. Ration Balancing Apps

15. Better utilization of Available Resources
Fodderandcropresidueutilization
Ricestraw→baling→avoidburning
Ricestraw→bulkyfeedsforruminants
Paddystraw/wheatstraw→ureatreatment
Green/dryfodder→chaffing→reducewastageandimprovesdigestibility
Chaffcutter(hand/poweroperated)
Hydroponicfodderproduction
Surplusgreenfodder→silagemaking

16. Total Mixed Ration (TMR)
Completefeed→Roughageandconcentrateareblendedtogether,formulatedtospecificnutrientconcentration,
andfedfree-choice
ThemainadvantagestoTMRfeedingare:
Cowsconsumethedesiredproportionofforageswhentwoormoreforagesareoffered
Cowsconsumethedesiredamountofforagerelativetotheamountofgrainoffered
Thereislessriskofdigestiveupsets
Feedefficiencyimproves
Thereispotentialtoreducelabourrequiredforfeeding
Itallowsforgreateraccuracyinformulatingandfeeding
TMR Feeding →Video links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lS802qYRVMU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOQLI0Di4is

17. Thumb Rule for Feeding Dairy Cattle
Water
3kgwaterforeverykgofdrymatterintake(winterandsummervariation)
1.5to1.8kgwaterforeverykgmilkproduced
DMI→2.5kgper100kgbodyweight
Greenfodder→3to5kgper100kgbodyweight
Dryfodder→1to2kgper100kgbodyweight
Concentrate
Formaintenance→1.5kgperdaypercow(forindigenouscrossbredcattle)
First2.5kgmilkproduced→Maintenancerationissufficient(1.5kgperdaypercow)
>2.5kgmilkproduced→everykgmilkproduced0.4kgadditionalconcentrate+M
Pregnancy→Lasttrimester(>monthofpregnancy)→(M+P+1to1.5kgper100kgbwt)

18. Summary
Inlivestockrearing,65-70%ofthetotalcostisattributedtofeeding
Minimizingtheexpensetowardsfeedingincreasestheprofit
Majorityofdiseases,reproductiveproblemsandlessmilkproductionoftheanimalsare
relatedwiththefaultynutritionoftheanimals
Knowledgeonnewerrationbalancingtools,identifyingnewerrawmaterialsandknowing
theirnutritivevalueisimportant
Rationformulationbasedonlabanalyzedvaluesratherthanbookvalues
Feedaccordingtotheirphysiologicalstatewithbalancedration
Toachievemaximumgeneticpotentialandoptimumproductivity→balancedfeeding

19. Take home message
Tooptimizeproductivityinlargefarms→groupingofanimalsaccordingtotheir
productionstate(2ormoregroups)andfeeding(2ormorerations)basedonproduction
isveryimportant
Onecalfperyear
Balanced nutrition/feeding is the key → profitable livestock production
Geneticshascreatedthepotential,nutritionhasfailedtodeliverthatpotential,
“irrespectiveofthetypeofsystempracticed”
Fasterdisseminationofrationbalancingtechnologyisessential