Balanoposthitis

DISEASE DESCRIPTION

1. BALANOPOSTHITIS TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

2. DEFINITION Balanoposthitis is a condition seen in uncircumcised males where the glans penis and the prepuce are inflamed due to several infections related to the non-removal of the foreskin. BALANO POSTH ITIS TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

3. CAUSES Usage of harsh soaps for genital wash Staphylococcus aureus infection Candida albicans infection Uncontrolled diabetes Improperly rinsing soap off during bathing Diseases like lichen sclerosis and reactive arthritis. TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

4. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS Upon physical examination, the following signs and symptoms can be noted: Red, damp unelevated lesion on the glans and foreskin Soreness Irritation Redness of the penis Painful penis and prepuce Rashes around the penis Presence of discharge beneath the prepuce TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

5. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS Tightening of the foreskin or phimosis(stenosis) Foul smelling discharge Apparent ulcerations Unusual enlargement of the lymph nodes over the groin area Fatigue Low back pain Anxiety TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

6. DIAGNOSIS Laboratory studies Potassium hydroxide Test : This is done to check presence of candidial infections . This is also cultured to know the specific antifungal medication to which the organism is sensitive. Serologic Test : This test may be prescribed for candidial infections , especially in cases where the infection is unclear . Skin Biopsy : This procedure is done if the recommended antifungal therapy does not produce a good result. This is also done to check for the malignancy of the affected area and to rule out other conditions. TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

7. TREATMENT The treatment regimen for balanoposthitis is also dependent on the cause. If the infection is caused by a bacteria, then treatment will antibiotics. Treatment may also include steroid based creams to reduce the inflammation. Supportive Care :  Proper personal hygiene and washing your hands regularly Exposure of the affected part to air will help stop the growth of anaerobic microorganism. Medical Care : Applying topical creams are the treatment that is widely used for this condition. The aim of this therapy is to eradicate the different microorganisms and to arrest inflammation. TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

8. TREATMENT Antifungal Therapy : The means by which this class of drugs act includes slowing down the conduits of substances essential for the production of the organisms’ cell membrane or changing the capacity of cell membrane to let substance pass through the cell membrane of the fungal cells. Cotrimazole (Lotrimin, Fomisol 7, Mycelex, Gyne-Lotrimin): These are drugs with broad spectrum antifungal action. These are used to remedy infections of the skin , which results from different varieties of microorganisms causing skin disorders and yeasts. It slows down the growth of yeasts by changing the capacity of the cell membrane to let substance pass through, which results to demise of fungal cells. 1% cream is usually prescribed. TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

9. TREATMENT Antimicrobial Therapy : The mechanisms by which these drugs function tend to obliterate the microbes causing the infection , to arrest their reproduction or development, or to stop their illness causing actions. Steroid Creams : This acts by inhibiting the inflammation of the glans penis and the foreskin. Surgery : This is indicated in severe cases where the foreskin can no longer be retracted for cleaning. Circumcision is probably the best choice in treating this condition. TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

10. TREATMENT SURGERY FOR BALANOPOSTHITIS TREATMENT TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

11. COMPLICATIONS Scarring of the penis’ Phimosis or severe tightening of the prepuce making it hard to bare the head of the penis Para-phimosis or the difficulty pushing the foreskin on top of the end of the penis Decreased blood supply to the end of the penis as a result of the narrowed penile orifice TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

12. EPIDERMIOLOGY Japanese 1.5% of 603 uncircumcised boys of 0-5ys Hong Kong 1 0f 2149 elementary boys Italian 16% of 321 boys with dermatose Great Britain 35% of 450 men TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

13. EPIDERMIOLOGY Race Breakdowns of race or ethnic background have not been performed, although balanoposthitis, because of its heterogeneous etiology, has been described in many races and ethnic backgrounds. Sex Balanoposthitis only occurs in males. Age Although identified over a wide age range, most studies have centered on the juvenile population (0-5 y) or in sexually active adult males. TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI

14. REFERENCE LIST Medical terminology systems(M.E. Wedding, B.A Gylys )2013, F.A Davis company, chapter 13: male reproduction system, page 438 Pathologic basis of disease, R obbins and C otran , (2010, Saunders Elsevier I nc ) page 982, the male genital tract http:// emedicine.medscape.com/article/1124734-overview TSHEGOFATSO MOKGOSI