Bamboo Final presentation on Nursery plantation harvesting and processing of bamboo.pptx

include presentation on bamboo nursery and technique

1. Nursery, Plantations, Harvesting and Processing of Bamboo Dr . P. D. Raut Assistant Scientist (S-1) Agrofor estry Research Farm College of Agriculture , Nagpur (MS) Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth . [email protected]

2. BA MBOO - P arts Rhizome- Rootstalk from where roots shoots Bud- from where vertical growth starts Culm- woody hollow aerial stems of bamboo Node- node is the part of the stem of the plant from which leaves, branches, and aerial roots emerge.The distance between each node is called the inter node.

3. BAMBOO-Classification Bamboos are classified into the following 3 types. Monpodial or Running:-rhizome grows horizontally in one direction Symbodial or Clumping:- horizontally over short distances then in circles. Climbing :- with thin stem & broad leaves grows irregularly into thickets, needs support like creepers.

4. Monopodial r h i z ome a nd growth R unn i ng b a m b oo BAMBOO-Monopodial Ex: Phyllostachys bambusoides , Phyllostachys nigra

5. BAMBOO-Symbodial Ex: Bambusa multiplex, bambusa oldhamii. S ym b o d ia l rhizone clumps

6. BAMBOO-Climbing Ex: Dinochloa Leaves & stem Supported by a tree.

7. BA MBOO - P r o p a g ati o n The bamboo plant consists of three morphological parts - the aerial part (the culm ) and two underground parts (the rhizome and root). A bamboo propagule must develop all three structures. Failure in development of any of these structures leads to failure of a propagule . Due to the scarcity of seeds, bamboo is generally propagated by vegetative methods. These include: Seeds Clump division - offsets, rhizome, Whole culm cutting, Layering, Culm-segment cutting, Branch cutting and Tissue Culture

8. Bamboo species Recommended for Cultivation Bamboo Spp Uses Method of Propagation Bamboosa balcooa Biomass, construction Tissue culture B. tulda Agarbatii Seeds D . stocksii Furniture, construction Nodal cuttings B. polymorpha Construction Seeds B. vulgarise (Green) Agarbatii , construction Nodal cuttings B. bambose Construction Seeds, TC B. vulgarise (Golden) Ornamental, handicrafts Branch cuttings D. strictus Biomass, agriculture Seeds, Rhizome

9. BAMBOO-Propagation – Seeds

10. BAMBOO-Flowering Mass flowering at long intervals of 65-130 years longest interval- 135 years P h y ll o s tach y s b a mb u s o i d e s After flowering and bearing fruits the plant dies.

11. Bamboo seeds BAMBOO : SEEDS

12. Dendrocalamus strictus (Manvel) Bambusa bambose (Katang)

13. Filing of Polybag

14. Seed Sowing in Polybags Traditional Nursey practices:

15. Fungicide treatment: Bavistin 5gm per liter To put the seed into that solution.

16. Seed Sowing

17. Germinated Bamboo Plant

18. Malformed seedling

19. Seed Sowing

20. Sorting and cutting of root

21. Transplanting in polybags AICRP on AGROFORESTRY, PDKV, COA, NAGPUR

22. Transplanted bamboo stock Sprouted bamboo stock

23. BAMBOO-Propagation – Clump Division 1-2 year old plants are suitable

24. Cut the polybags Cut plant rizhom put in N A A solution Cutting the rizhom

25. Cut plant planting in polybags

26. BAMBOO-Propagation – Culm Cutting 3-4 year old plants are suitable

27. BAMBOO-Propagation Culm Segmentation or Stem Cutting 2 -3 healthy nodes with branches and buds are selected and planted vertically Single node Cuttings

28. Filing of NAA solution Two node Cuttings

29. BAMBOO-Propagation – Branch Cutting Low survival rate and poor rooting . So restricted to thick walled bamboo varieties

30. BAMBOO-Propagation – Tissue Culture

31. Bamboo Plantation/ cultivation Soil : Medium deep soil (30- 45 cm. deep) , well drained , no water logging, fertile soil . Rainfall : > 650 mm , well distributed . Temperature : up to 45 C Objectives of plantation Spacing in meter Suitable Bamboo species Biomass Production – Energy , paper pulp 2 X 3 , 3 X 3 , 3 X 4 Balcooa , strictus , vulgarise , bacifera Structural uses Housing 5 X 5 , 4 X 4 , 4 X 5 Tulda , nutans , hamiltonni , brandisii , giganteous Furniture , Art and craft 3 X 3 , 3 X 4 Stocksii , Membranaceos , Soil water conservation 2 X 2 , Multiple rows , hedges strictus , multiplex , asper , bamboos / arundenacea Bio fencing 2 X 2 , Multiple rows , hedges Vulgarise , Wamin , Polymorpha Edible products 2 X 2 , Multiple rows , hedges Asper , strictus Spacing

32. Post plantation care Soil working and moisture conservation treatment : Circular trenches, CCTs , ICTs Irrigation : Dry land / rain fed plantations : For first two years. – twice in winter , thrice in summer Quantity of irrigation : Advoc Recommendation Age of plantation Water requirement Winter Summer 1 to 3 yrs 10 LTR , 2 times / Month 15 LTR , 2 times / Month 4 to 6 15 LTR , 2 times / Month 15 LTR , 3 times / Month 7 to 10 yrs 25 LTR , 2 times / Month 20 LTR , 4 times / Month 11 to 15 yrs 30 LTR , 3 times / Month 25 LTR , 4 times / Month Productivity & irrigation : Irrigation increases the production three times ( KFRI )

33. Intercropping in bamboo AICRP(AF) HRS KAHIKUCHI

34. Treatments 1. CCT 2. CCT+ Sloping Trench 3. Circular trench 2. CCT+ Sloping trench

35. Bamboo Harvesting : First - Rainfed Plantations 5-6 yrs. Irrigated Plantations 3-5 yrs. Vary Species to sp. Regular harvesting : Rainfed Plantations after every 3 yrs . Irrigated Plantations 2 yrs. Vary Species to sp . For Biomass : Can be harvested every Year Production : Bamboo culms : 1000 to 5000 bamboo /ha : Rs. 100000/ ha B iomass : 20 tonns /ha (estimated) under plantations

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37. Bamboo Ready for Harvest Culm No. per acre App. Rate App. Return in Rs. 4-5 years 1200 50/- each 6000/- 6-10 years 2250 50/- each 1,12,500/- 10-15 years 4500 70/- each 3,15,000/- 16-25 years 6750 90/- each 6,07,500/- Note: Rate as per 2019 base. Careful management may increases the culm no. of bamboo per acre. चौथ्या वर्षा पासुन दरवर्षि वाढत्या प्रमाणात बांबू मिळतात. दरवर्षि बांबु तोडले तरच बांबूचे उत्पन्न अपेक्षेप्रमाणे मिळते. साधारणपणे ६ व्या वर्षापर्यंत खर्च निघून जातो आणि त्यानंतर पुढील २०-२५ वर्ष अल्पश्या काळजीने लाखो रुपये मिळतात. आंतर पीक घेतल्यास पीक खर्च निघून येतो. बांबू कापून वर्गवारीने विकल्यास जास्त नफा होतो. म्हणून कमि पाण्यावर येणारे , हलक्या जमिनीत उत्तम वाढणारे बांबू हे नगदी पिक आहे. आपण जर उद्योगासाठी बांबू लावला तर हेच उत्पन्न काही पटीत वाढू शकते. जेवढी निगा जास्त आणि जेवढी तोड काळजीपुर्वक तेवढे उत्पन्न जास्त मिळेल. Approximate Return from harvested bamboo

38. Rank. Name of Bamboo spp. Biomass. Yield tons/ha Gross Monetary Return Rs/ha Net Monetary Return Rs/ha Establishment Cost Rs/ha Maintance 1 To 5yrs. Rs/ha Harvesting Cost Rs/ ha Cost of Production Rs /ha. B/C Ratio R1 B. balcooa 41.80 213180 125640 55000 20000 12540 87540 2.44 R2 D. stocksii 35.09 178959 103932 49500 15000 10527 75027 2.39 R3 Bamboosabambose 42.37 211860 117632 33000 12500 48727 94228 2.25 R4 B. tulda 28.61 143055 66166 44000 10000 22888 76889 1.86 R5 D. asper 19.02 95095 40085 33000 12500 9509 55010 1.73 R6 B. brandicee 17.29 86460 26168 33000 10000 17292 60292 1.43 R7 B. vulgaris 17.16 85800 23220 44000 10000 8580 62580 1.37 R8 D. strictus 12.32 61600 14940 33000 7500 6160 46660 1.32 R9 B. nutan 12.16 60775 -2949 44000 10000 9724 63724 0.95 R10 B. multiplex 11.77 23540 -16814 33000 5000 2354 40354 0.58 Table 5 : Ranking of Bamboo spp. on the basis of B/C ratio on waste land under rainfed condition .

39. Insect Pest of Bamboo and their Management Insect Pest Nature of damage Control measures/ chemicals Leaf rollers -Caterpillars Serious pest - May- November, folded leaf , apical shoot , plant bushy Spraying - Monocrophos , Carbaryl Beetles Feeds along ages of leaf , defoliation, skeletors As above Grass hopers Suck from leaves and tender shoots Spraying -Dimethoate, Monocrotophos , Rogar Sap sucking insects – Aphids Leaves become pale yellow , growth stunted . Spraying -Dimethoate, Monocrotophos , Rogar Shoot borers – Weevils Holes on bamboo shoots , young Culm , vertical tunnels Removal of dead dried culms . Gall forming insects Eggs are deposited on tip of culm –develops into galls . Spraying -Dimethoate, Monocrotophos , Rogar Rhizome and root bores Termites and root feeding beetles Systemic insecticides . Nursery pests Termites, white grubs, leaf rollers, and grass hoppers . Sap suckers As above

40. Diseases of Bamboo Nursery Control measures/ chemicals Plantation Damping-off Seedlings Seed dressing with fungicides Rot of emerging culms Web blight Red yellow brown patches on seedlings : systemic fungicides . Rot of Growing culm Leaf rust Grey brown flex on leaf – Top blight Leaf spot Bavistin, Dithane Bamboo blight Rhizome rot Premature death of seedlings Ranch die back Little leaf Mosaic disease Thread blight

41. BAMBOO-Harvesting Tools Top row – Bamboo harvesting tools Bottom – Bamboo working tools

42. BAMBOO-Harvesting Good harvesting practices not only protect the bamboo from deterioration , but also increases the resistance of culm and retain their strengths. Factors to be considered are, Maturity Season Moon Phase Felling and Handling & Post- harvest transpiration

43. BAMBOO-Harvesting- Maturity Mature bamboo culms are recognized by the formation of white spots on the culm and lichens (fungi) at the nodes. Experienced growers can even recognise the bamboo with the sound in the stem, when struck with a stone or the back of a machete. If bamboo stems are covered with fungi and mosses entirely, and nodes appear whitish-gray or even dry, it is a sign that the culms are over-mature.

44. BAMBOO-Harvesting- Season During dry seasons, the bamboo plant is acquiring and conserving nutrients for shoot growth in the next rainy season. Thus, starch content is at its highest level at the end of dry season , therefore, harvesting bamboo at the end of a dry season increases the chances of borer and fungi attacks .

45. BAMBOO-Harvesting- Season During rainy season, starch content is lower (as new shoots are consuming all the nutrients) but moisture content in the bamboo culms is high, which increases the possibility of subsequent splitting and cracking after harvest. when new shoots emerge and felling operations could damage or destroy the shoots. In other words the most recommended time to harvest bamboo is at the end of rainy season - beginning of the dry season

46. BA MBOO - Harves t i n g Moon Phase The starch content is lowest between the 6th and 8th day after full moon due to the higher gravitation of the moon. On the basis of photosynthesis, in the course of the morning, bamboo starts transporting starch from the roots into the leaves. Therefore the best time to harvest bamboo, is before sunrise (between 12pm and 6am), when most of the starch is still in the roots. Bamboo harvested in this manner has 2 advantages: they are less attractive to insects , and will dry faster.

47. BAMBOO-Felling & Handling Cut the bamboo just above the first or second node above ground level, with a machete or saw. This way, there is no receptacle in which rainwater can collect. Stagnant rainwater in the culm may cause rot and could weaken the bamboo plant system. Avoiding damage or exposure of the rhizome while harvesting, reduces the impact on future plant. Dragging bamboo culms along the ground, will cause damage to the outer layer which results in stains and blemishes. Throwing bamboo culms on hard ground may lead to development of cracks

48. BA MBOO - Post harvest Transpiration Starch content in bamboo can also be reduced by keeping felled culms upright with the branches and leaves attached for approximately 4 weeks. They can lean against another bamboo "tree" and remain at the plantation, but make sure the felled culm does not have direct contact with the soil. During this period, the stored food materials are utilized and, thus, the starch content in bamboo is lowered. This method also improves the drying process of the bamboo culm and results in a nice uniform color of the dried culm .

49. BAMBOO- Storage Poles should be stored horizontally and supported at frequent intervals so that they can neither sag nor bend. They should be protected against sun, rain and soil moisture. There are two possibilities for drying the bamboo canes. The air-drying process with good air circulation takes 6 - 12 weeks. The kiln-drying process takes only 2 - 3 weeks. But some species of Bamboo do not tolerate quick drying. The bark develops cracks or the poles split axially.

50. Both live bamboo and felled one are attacked by a animals or vegetable pests like fungi, beetles and termites. Harvesting is done during drier and cooler seasons to protect the freshly cut ones from insects. Preservation techniques can be either active or passive . The life time of un preserved bamboo will be 2.5 yrs while that of preserved one is about 10 yrs. BAMBOO- Preservation

51. BAMBOO- Preservation Drying Watering Boiling Smoking Heating PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES CHEMICAL NATURAL Butt Method B u t ch e r y m e t hod o p e n tank Impregnation 1.With heat 2.With pressure B l e a ch i ng 3.Dyeing

52. BAMBOO- Drying

53. BAMBOO- Drying Bamboo poles can be stacked vertically or horizontally (if more poles have to be stacked) Direct sunlight should be avoided as green bamboo poles crack. Good ventilation is ensured by stacking on raised platforms and rotating poles longitudinally every 15 days. Proper supports have to given when stacking poles vertically to avoid bending Horizontal stacking height should be decided after the capacity of bamboo to carry loads to avoid cracking of culms. Speed of drying depends on the poles and the climatic conditions of the locality.

54. BAMBOO-Preservation Watering/immersion The fresh poles are stored for 4-12 weeks in stagnant or flowing water. Starch, carbohydrates and other water soluble substances get fermented or are washed out. Boiling 15 - 60 minutes of cooking is another method to get nutrients, carbohydrates and starch out of the bamboo.

55. BAMBOO-Preservation Smoking/Fumigation In this method bamboo is smoked in its own resin. Burning leftover pieces of harvested bamboo in a large oven smokes the bamboo poles. The smoking extracts the acid from inside the bamboo and evenly applies it to the surface. The smoke makes the rind unpalatable to insects

56. BAMBOO-Preservation Heating Bamboo is heated in an autoclave between 150 and 200 ° C, in anoxic condition and steam is injected at regular intervals to avoid ignition of bamboo. Heating the bamboo at high temperatures makes it stable and virtually rot- proof. It thus makes bamboo resistant to borers, termites, fungi and moisture.

57. BAMBOO-Preservation Chemicals used Borax or sodium borate ACQ - Ammoniacal copper quaternary BBA - Borax boric acid FAA - Formalin acetic acid CCA - Chromated Copper Arsenate

58. BAMBOO-Preservation Impregnated coating Preservation with borate solution is an efficient technique. The method involves the borate/borax salt solution being pressure -fed in the pole until it is seen at the other end of the pole. The culms treated in this technique should be of mature age. The treatment procedure should be applied on the day of harvesting the bamboo. In addition, lime slurries, rangoo oil or lime slurry or cow dung are also used. Using insecticides like kerosene, DDT, PCP is not acceptable .

59. BAMBOO-Preservation Impregnating chemicals

60. BAMBOO-Preservation by Impregnating with Borax- Butchery method 4 3 2 1 Step 1 : Clean the outside with brush / water etc. Step 2: Fix hex nuts to end of the iron rod to punch holes of larger diameter. Step 3: Punch holes in the culms leaving the last node intact. Step 4: Stack the culms vertically.

61. BAMBOO-Preservation Impregnating chemicals- Borax Step 5: Pump and fill the culms with borax solution (Fig B). If larger tanks are available immerse the poles in the solution (Fig C) 5 6 Step 6: After 13 -15 days saw a culm and check whether the solution has penetrated the culm (pink rings).Drain the excess solution by punching the last node 7 Step 7: Reuse the solution after filtration.

62. BAMBOO-Preservation Impregnating chemicals- Borax 8 S t e p 8: C l e an , s t ac k a n d d r y t h e p o l e s in shade o r Bleach them in the sun

63. BAMBOO-Preservation Impregnating chemicals- Borax A C D B

64. BAMBOO- Surface Protection The surface of the bamboo can alone be treated depending on the intended use. There are two widely used surface treatments for bamboo, 1. Bleaching and 2. Dyeing Bleaching Hydrogen peroxide solution is used to remove traces of resins or wax Dyeing dyeing using preferred colour in vinegar is done after bleaching the bamboo .

65. BAMBOO- Surface Protection 1.Natural Vs Bleached Poles 2. Dyed Bamboo Poles

66. Thank you