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Monopoly and Barriers to Entry
A2 Micro Economics
tutor2u November 2010
Long Run: Barriers to Entry
•Barriers to entry are designed to block potential entrants
fromenteringamarketprofitablyfrom entering a market profitably
•Existing firms are known as incumbents
•New firms threaten the market share and monopoly rents of
existing businesses
•Barriers to entry seek to protect the monopoly power of
existing firms and therefore maintain supernormal (or
abnormal)profitsinthelongrunabnormal) profits in the long run
•Barriers to entry make a market less contestable–i.e. they
affect market structure in the long run
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Types of Entry Barrier (1)
•(1) Structural barriers (Innocent Barriers) – due to differences
in production costs and being in the market for some time
–Economies of scale (consider a natural monopoly)
–Vertical integration (backwards and forwards)
–Control of essential technologies / commodities
–Expertise and reputation of the incumbent
–Brand loyaltyand brand proliferation
–InherentsuspicionamongconsumersaboutnewideasInherent suspicion among consumers about new ideas
•(2) Strategic barriers
–Predatory pricing / limit pricing
–Marketing / product differentiation
Types of Entry Barrier (2)
•(3) Statutory (legal) barriers ‐entry barriers given force of
lawlaw
–Licences (e.g. Professional qualifications, banking licences,
licences to sell alcohol, run a night club etc)
–Patents (e.g. In the pharmaceutical industry)
–Copyrights and Trademarks
–Public franchises
–Tariffs, quotas and other trade restrictions affecting
imports of goods and services
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Patents
•Patents
–Offers legal protection of
propertyrightsproperty rights
–Generally valid for 12‐20 years
–Give the owner an exclusive
right to prevent others from
using patented products,
inventions, or processes
–Protection of ‘intellectual
property’.
–Patent licences can be sold to Patent licences can be sold to
other producers and then
cross‐licenced
–Designed to encourage
innovationand invention
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Integration and Pricing Tactics
•Vertical Integration
–Control over supply chain and pp y
distribution
•Limit Pricingand Predatory Pricing
–Limit pricing involves lowering
prices to a level that would force
new entrants to operate at a loss
(price < average cost)
–Sacrificing some short term g
profits but to restore and
maintain supernormal profits in
the long run
–Predatory pricing ‐illegal
Cost Advantages and
Marketing/Branding
•Absolute cost advantages
–E.g. economies of scale
AC
–Lower unit costs for an
established business
•Advertising and Marketing
–Establishing branded products
–Makes demand less elastic
–Lowers cross price elasticity
•Brand Proliferation
Brandproliferationdisguises
SAC1
SAC2
SAC3
–Brand proliferation disguises
from consumers the actual
concentration in markets such
as detergents, confectionery
and household goods.
LRAC
Output
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Barriers to Exit
•There are costs associated with exiting an industry
•(1)Asset‐write‐offs•(1) Asset‐write‐offs
–E.G. plant and machinery, stocks
•(2) Closure costs
–Redundancy costs, contracts with suppliers
–Penalty costs from ending leasing arrangements
•(3) Lost reputation() p
–Lost goodwill, damage to the brand
•Sunk costs are costs incurred when entering a market that are
irrecoverableshould a firm decide to leave
Reducing entry barriers
•Technological change in markets
–Impact of disruptive technologies
•Removal of statutory barriers –e.g.
the liberalisation of markets
–Utilities
•Postal services
•Electricity
•Gas–Banking / Financeg/
•Globalisation of markets
–Emergence of foreign competition
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Tutor2u
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