BASIC BLOOD REPORETS INTERPRETASTION.pptx

A basic blood report, is a document that provides information about different components in your blood. It can include measurements of cells, chemicals, proteins, & other substances. Doctors use blood test reports to assess your health, diagnose conditions, & monitor the effectiveness of treatments.

1. BASIC DIAGNOSTIC BLOOD REPORTS DR.PRITESH PATEL MBBS,MD-PEDIA,PGPN FIAP (NEONATOLOGY)

2. COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT to detect a wide range of disorders including anemia, infection and leukemia 1. HEMOGLOBIN - the oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells. 2. WHITE BLOOD CELLS - which fight infection. 3. RED BLOOD CELLS - which carry oxygen. 4. HEMATOCRIT - the proportion of RBC’s to the fluid component, or plasma in your blood. 5. PLATELETS - which help with blood clotting.

3. Hemoglobin Values: Normal values for adults: 12-16 g/dl Normal results for children vary, but in general are : Newborn : 14 to 18 g/Dl Infant : 9.5 to 13 g/Dl Hemoglobin ( Hb ) is the main component of red blood cells. This test is done to diagnose or monitor the severity of hemolytic anemia RBC Normal Ranges: Male: 4.7 – 6.1 million cells / mcL Female: 4.2 – 5.4 million cells/ mcL   Platelet Normal range: 150,000 – 450,000 / mm3 decreased number of platelets = Thrombocytopenia increased number of platelets = Thrombocytosis

4. White Blood Cell Count - number of white blood cells in the blood. There are 5 types of white blood cells. 1. lymphocytes 2. monocytes 3. basophils 4. eosinophils 5. neutrophils Normal range: 5,000-10,000 / mcl Leukopenia: Low white count (decrease in the number of WBCs) Leukocytosis: High white count (increase in the number of WBCs )

5. BLOOD GROUPS There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. Each of these will be either Rh-positive or Rh-negative.

6. CRP WITH TITRE A high CRP is more than 6 mg/L. This shows that there is inflammation somewhere in your body. High CRP values are frequently seen in bacterial infections, but elevated values are also seen in viral respiratory infections

7. G6PD ( glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ) M easures the amount of G6PD in the blood. an enzyme that helps red blood cells work properly . G6PD deficiency can cause the destruction of red blood cells. This is a  genetic disorder  that mostly affects males. Most people with G6PD deficiency don't have symptoms of disease until they are exposed to certain "triggers," which set off the destruction of red blood cells. Triggers include: Fava beans, also called broad beans Viral infections Bacterial infections Certain  antibiotics Anti-malaria medicines Other medicines, including (NSAIDs ) such as ibuprofen and aspirin

8. BLOOD CULTURE The test checks a sample of your  blood  for bacteria or yeast that might be causing the infection . The blood culture test has no normal values, as the results are defined positively and negatively. If you get a “positive” result on your blood culture test, it usually means there are bacteria or yeast in your blood. “ Negative” means there’s no sign of organism If Results Are Negative, Why Do Have Symptoms? T hese cultures can’t detect viruses. So if you have a  viral infection , you may need other tests.

9. PERIPHERAL SMEAR TEST Also known as a peripheral blood smear (PBS) or smear, is a blood test that examines blood cells ( examine red and white blood cells and your platelets) under a microscope to look for abnormalities in their number, shape, and appearance: Number Changes in the number of blood cells and platelets may indicate something is happening in the bone marrow, which produces these cells. Shape Changes in the size and shape of blood cells and platelets may be a sign of a blood disorder or blood cancer.  Appearance Abnormal changes in white blood cells may indicate infection, inflammation, allergies, leukemia, or bone marrow disorders

10. RENAL/ KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST Sodium (Na) –135 to 145 mEq /L Potassium (K) –3.5 to 5.0 mEq /l Chloride (Cl) –98- 108MM/L Calcium : 8.5 to 10.2 mg/ dL Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) -- 6 to 20 mg/ dL (Urea is formed in the liver as the end product of protein metabolism and is transported to the kidneys for excretion) Serum Creatinine (Cr) –0.6 to 1.3 mg/Dl S.AMMONIA -17-90 UG/DL CALCIUM plasma ionized calcium concentration is maintained between approximately 1.15 and 1.30 mmol /L.  Hypercalcemia (increased amount of calcium in blood), diagnosed if ionized calcium is >1.30 mmol /L, is more common than hypocalcemia (reduced amount of calcium in blood ).

11. Sodium is the major cation in the extracellular space where serum levels of approximately 140mmol/L Elevated serum sodium level =Hypernatremia Decreased serum sodium level =Hyponatremia Potassium is the major intracellular cation with levels of ~ 4 mmol /L found in serum Elevated serum potassium level = Hyperkalemia Decreased serum potassium level = Hypokalemia Chloride is the major extracellular anion with serum concentration of ~ 100 mmol /L Hyperchloremia and hypochloremia are rarely. Nearly all renal diseases can cause an inadequate excretion of urea, which causes the blood concentration to rise above normal .

12. LIVER FUNCTION TEST Alkaline phosphatase: 44 to 147 IU/L ALT (alanine aminotransferase): 10 to 40 IU/L Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase  (SGPT)  AST (aspartate aminotransferase): 10 to 34 IU/L serum glutamic- oxaloacetic transaminase ( SGOT ) (Elevations in AST are most commonly a reflection of hepatocellular injury) Glucose  : 70 to 100 mg/ dL Total bilirubin : 0.3 to 1.9 mg/ dL Total protein : 6.0 to 8.3 g/ dL

13. The total serum bilirubin level is the sum of the conjugated ( direct ) and unconjugated ( indirect ) bilirubin . commonly used to measure bilirubin levels in newborns with infant jaundice . Bilirubin is stored in the gallbladder and is involved in digesting food. Most bilirubin is eliminated in the feces or urine . Normally the unconjugated bilirubin makes up 70-85% of the total bilirubin Bilirubin metabolism begins with the breakdown of red blood cells in the reticuloendothelial system and bilirubin metabolism continues in the liver Elevation in total bilirubin may therefore be a reflection of any aberrations in bilirubin metabolism or increased levels of bilirubin production (such as hemolysis)

14. COAGULATION TEST Prothrombin Time (PT) Normal PT Values: 10-12 seconds measures how long it takes your blood to clot. PT test uses the international normalized ratio (INR) to compare results of different laboratories. Normal INR Values: 1 to 2 PTT(Partial Thromboplastin Time) Normal PTT Values: 30 to 45 seconds Clotting disorders can cause a dangerous amount of bleeding or clotting.

15. TYPHOID TEST A culture test is the most common diagnostic test . The Widal test is to check for antibodies that your body makes against the salmonella bacteria that causes typhoid fever. It looks for O and H antibodies in a patient's sample blood (serum). The Widal test normal range is a titre that is less than 1:20  antigens equal to and greater than 1:60 to 1:320 titers are considered positive . The Typhidot test is expected to become positive within 2–3 days of infection . The Widal test is both quantitative as well as qualitative and it can tell the titres of specific antibodies. The typhidot separately identifies IgM and IgG antibodies against the bacteria

16. EXAMINATION OF URINE The first voided morning urine Need to be examined within 1 hour Acidity ( pH) The  pH level might indicate a kidney or urinary tract disorder . Concentration A higher than normal concentration often is a result of not drinking enough fluids . Protein larger amounts in urine might indicate a kidney problem . Sugar Any detection of sugar on this test usually calls for follow-up testing for diabetes . Ketones   sign of diabetes and requires follow-up testing . Bilirubin Bilirubin in your urine might indicate liver damage or disease .

17. White blood cells  (leukocytes )- a sign of urinary tract infection . Red blood cells  ( erythrocytes ) - a sign of kidney damage, infection, kidney or bladder stones or blood disorders Bacteria, yeast or parasites  can indicate an infection . Casts  — tube-shaped proteins — can be a result of kidney disorders . Crystals  that form from chemicals in urine might be a sign of kidney stones.

18. STOOL EXAMINATION Testing a stool to find out a problem in the stomach, intestines, rectum, or other part of GI system E xamined macroscopically, microscopically, chemically, immunologically, and microbiologically. P ut plastic wrap or a special collection container under the toilet seat to catch the stool. Never take the sample out of the water in the toilet bowl and do not allow urine to touch it. If your child urinated at the same time, do not collect this stool. Fecal occult blood tests:  to detect blood in the stool. Stool fat testing: Checks for excess fat in the stool. Stool microscopy and culture : Can identify bacteria( that aren't normally found in GI tract), viruses , or parasites that may cause gastroenteritis. Faecal calprotectin : Tests for inflammation in the bowel .( IBD,Colitis,Crohn’s Ds) Fecal elastase-1 test : Measures the amount of elastase in the stool, a digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas.   most sensitive and specific indirect test for pancreatic function. Rotavirus stool antigen test: Uses immune-based and nucleic acid tests to detect rotavirus.

19. DENGUE INFECTION NS1 antigen test Can detect dengue on the first day of a fever, before antibodies appear If NS1 or and IgM positive, IgG negative: primary dengue infection If NS1 or and IgM positive, IgG positive: secondary dengue infection

20. PANCREATITIS Amylase and lipase are digestive enzymes normally released from the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas into the duodenum. A lipase test is commonly used to diagnose pancreatitis . The normal range is  13 to 6 units per liter (U/L)  Lipase is an enzyme the body uses to break down fats in food so they can be absorbed in the intestines. Lipase is produced in the pancreas, mouth, and stomach . You may need to  fast  (not eat or drink) for 8-12 hours before a lipase blood test . A blood  amylase test  mainly helps diagnose and monitor pancreatitis. The normal range is 40 to 140 units per liter (U/L)  (<890 u/l AT 37c)

21. LIPID PROFILE The Lipid profile is used as part of a cardiac risk assessment to determine an individual’s risk of heart disease . Lipids are a group of fats and fat-like substances that are important constituents of cells and sources of energy . Tests included: 1. Total Cholesterol 2. HDL Cholesterol 3. LDL Cholesterol 4. Triglycerides

22. THYROID PROFILE TEST Thyroid tests check how well your thyroid is working. They are also used to diagnose   thyroid diseases  such as  hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid ) TSH ( thyroid-stimulating hormone)- the first test to order . T3 (or free T3- triiodothyronine )  and  T4 (or free T4 - thyroxine ) - They measure the level of the different thyroid hormones in blood. Thyroid antibodies test - This test may help diagnose autoimmune thyroid disorders .   These hormones affect nearly every organ in your body and control many of your body's most important functions. For example, they affect your breathing, heart rate, weight, digestion, and moods.

23. Excessive laboratory tests can cause iatrogenic anemia! No laboratory test should ever be ordered unless it is medically necessary

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