Basic Computer Architecture

Basic Computer Architecture

1. Basic Computer Architecture Yong Heui Cho @ Mokwon University

2. Basic Computer Design 1. History of Computers 2. Introduction to Arduino 3. Basic Computer Architecture 4. Combinational Logic Circuit

3. Computer Components Input/output units Memory/storage units CPU (Central Processing Unit)

4. Motherboard Diagram Northbridge Connected to CPU in high speed Southbridge Connected in low speed Bus Related to “omnibus” Communication system between components

5. Computer System

6. Connection of Components Northbridge South bridge

7. CPU Architecture

8. von Neumann Architecture

9. Harvard Architecture

10. CPU: 3 Major Components ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) Performs calculations and comparisons (data changed) CU (Control Unit): performs fetch/execute cycle Functions: Moves data to and from CPU registers and other hardware components (no change in data) Accesses program instructions and issues commands to the ALU Subparts: Memory management unit: supervises fetching instructions and data I/O Interface: sometimes combined with memory management unit as Bust Interface Unit Registers Example: Program Counter (PC) or instruction pointer determines next instruction for execution □ Courtesy to Basic Computer Architecture, slideshare .

11. Machine Cycle Fetch-decode-execute-store

12. Concept of Registers Small, permanent storage locations within the CPU used for a particular purpose Manipulated directly by the CU Wired for specific function Size in bits or bytes (not MB like memory) Can hold data, an address or an instruction □ Courtesy to Basic Computer Architecture, slideshare .

13. Register Operations Stores values from other locations (registers and memory) Addition and subtraction Shift or rotate data Test contents for conditions such as zero or positive □ Courtesy to Basic Computer Architecture, slideshare .

14. Registers in CPU Program Counter (PC) register Instruction Register (IR) Status register: status, flags

15. Cache Memory Cache level L1 cache: fastest and smallest L2 cache: next fastest and smallest

16. Operation of Memory Each memory location has a unique address Address from an instruction is copied to the MAR (Memory Address Register) which finds the location in memory CPU determines if it is a store or retrieval Transfer takes place between the MDR (Memory Data Register) and memory MDR is a two way register □ Courtesy to Basic Computer Architecture, slideshare .

17. MAR, MDR, Memory Address Data □ Courtesy to Basic Computer Architecture, slideshare .

18. MAR-MDR Example □ Courtesy to Basic Computer Architecture, slideshare .

19. Individual Memory Cell □ Courtesy to Basic Computer Architecture, slideshare .

20. Memory Capacity Determined by two factors 1. Number of bits in the MAR 2 K where K = width of the register in bits 2. Size of the address portion of the instruction 4 bits allows 16 locations 8 bits allows 256 locations 32 bits allows 4,294,967,296 or 4 GB Important for performance Insufficient memory can cause a processor to work at 50% below performance □ Courtesy to Basic Computer Architecture, slideshare .

21. Random Access Memory DRAM (Dynamic RAM) Most common, cheap Volatile: must be refreshed (recharged with power) 1000’s of times each second SRAM (Static RAM) Faster than DRAM and more expensive than DRAM Volatile Frequently small amount used in cache memory for high-speed access used □ Courtesy to Basic Computer Architecture, slideshare .

22. Read Only Memory Non-volatile memory to hold software that is not expected to change over the life of the system Magnetic core memory EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM Slower and less flexible than Flash ROM Flash ROM Faster than disks but more expensive Uses BIOS: initial boot instructions and diagnostics Digital cameras □ Courtesy to Basic Computer Architecture, slideshare .

23. CMOS Memory CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) TR (Transistor) Low power consumption, cheap TR BIOS (Basic I/O System) and system settings that users can change

24. Arduino: 직렬 통신으로 문자 받기

25. Arduino: 기계 엡실론 구하기