Basic Drinking Water Process for industrial

Endress drinking

1. Drinking Water Treatment Slide 1 / 74 Emily Serrano

2. Good and safe drinking water means….. Healthy and pure Clean and colorless Potable, not polluted Cool and appetizing Basic Drinking Water Processes Slide 2 / 74 Emily Serrano

3. Threats to drinking water quality Basic Drinking Water Processes Bacterial contamination High possibility and short term risk Chemical substances Low possibility and long term risk Radionuclides Low possibility and long term risk Slide 3 / 74 Emily Serrano

4. Basic Drinking Water Processes Drinking water (DW) plant design From ground water to sea water …. decreasing water quality Raw water quality dictates the needed treatment technology! Ground water Springs Surface water (river, lakes) Sea water Slide 4 / 74 Emily Serrano

5. Overview of Drinking Water Treatment Basic Drinking Water Processes Hardening Softening Slide 5 / 74 Emily Serrano

6. Raw Water Abstraction Basic Drinking Water Processes Hardening Softening Slide 6 / 74 Emily Serrano

7. Different methods of water abstraction Basic Drinking Water Processes Slide 7 / 74 Emily Serrano

8. Groundwater characteristics Has low oxygen concentration due to chemical reduction reaction in the ground. Presence of manganese and iron in significant concentrations. Often affected by pollutants from agriculture, e.g. high nitrate concentration Also effected by environmental conditions such as rainfall or sea water infiltration (Spring water characteristics are similar to ground water) Basic Drinking Water Processes Slide 8 / 74 Emily Serrano

9. Leading parameters in groundwater abstraction Basic Drinking Water Processes Why do we need these parameters? Flow: intake amount Pressure: pump performance Level: legislation compliance . Which instrument can we use? Promag L400 or 10L Cerabar PMC21 Waterpilot FMX21 Slide 9 / 74 Emily Serrano

10. Additional parameters in groundwater abstraction Basic Drinking Water Processes Why do we need these parameters ? Turbidity: higher values can be caused by rainfall Nitrate: in dicates agriculture pollution Conductivity: Indicates increasing salt concentration). TOC, COD or SAC: Indicates organic pollution from contaminated fields, waste water infiltration, landfills , etc. Which instrument can we use? CUS51D CAS51D CLS50D or CLS21D CAS51D SAC Slide 10 / 74 Emily Serrano

11. Flow measurement from ground water wells Basic Drinking Water Processes Well heads for irrigation, Sudan Drinking water wells, Switzerland Slide 11 / 74 Emily Serrano

12. Turbidity measurement of aquifer water - Belfort, France Basic Drinking Water Processes Point of measurement is at the outlet of the aquifer. Slide 12 / 74 Emily Serrano

13. Nitrate monitoring in groundwater wells – Celje , Slovenia Basic Drinking Water Processes Medlog DWT plant – Groundwater network is constantly polluted due to nearby farms. Average level: 45 to 60 mg/l. EU legislation limit: 50 mg/l. Online measurement will help to determine the actions to lower it to below 50mg/l. Instruments: CAS51D nitrate sensor, CYA112 assembly, CM442 transmitter Slide 13 / 74 Emily Serrano

14. Surface water characteristics Surface water is more sensitive to pollution by various sources e.g. by agriculture, WWTP outlets, streets…. Nutrients (nitrate, phosphate) as well as pesticides from agriculture, waste water Organic components by industrial or municipal WWTP Heavy metals mainly from industrial waste water Salts mainly from streets Basic Drinking Water Processes Slide 14 / 74 Emily Serrano

15. Leading parameters in surface water abstraction Basic Drinking Water Processes Why do we need these parameters? Flow: Intake amount Turbidity & Temperature: important in deciding point of water intake Pressure: Basic parameter to manage pressurized pipes and pumps Which instruments can we use? Promag L400, W400 or 10L CUS51D+CM44x TR10 Cerabar PMC51 / PMC 21 Slide 15 / 74 Emily Serrano

16. Flow measurement in surface water abstraction Basic Drinking Water Processes Turkey Vietnam Slide 16 / 74 Emily Serrano

17. Additional parameters in surface water abstraction Basic Drinking Water Processes Why do we need these parameters? Conductivity: indication of illegal discharges Oxygen: indication of bacteria load SAC (COD, TOC, BOD): indicator of oxygen consumption  pollution pH: mainly for downstream process (pH adjustment) Level (dams): minimum level of water to be sustained to preserve water body Which instruments can we use? CM44x CLS50D, COS51D / 61D, CAS51D SAC, CPS 11D / CPF81D …. FMX21, FMR20 Slide 17 / 74 Emily Serrano

18. Example of radar sensors for level management in water bodies Basic Drinking Water Processes FMR20 (new product) FMR50 Reference RIA15 Process display Slide 18 / 74 Emily Serrano

19. Raw water quality monitoring in a dam Quality control parameters Decision from which depth the water should be taken depends on the water quality based on Tu, SAC, pH. Alarm notification with GSM connection is usually recommended. Basic Drinking Water Processes Slide 19 / 74 Emily Serrano

20. SIVOA river monitoring project - France Basic Drinking Water Processes S yndicat I ntercommunal de la V allée de l’ O rge A val  part of WFD river basin management project. pH, DO, conductivity, ammonium. Slide 20 / 74 Emily Serrano

21. River monitoring - Romania Basic Drinking Water Processes Large container solution ASP Station 2000, iron, ammonium, phosphate & TOC analyzers Bran & Lübbe chloride, cyanide and phenol analyzers. Conductivity, turbidity Slide 21 / 74 Emily Serrano

22. Sea water characteristics A lot of dissolved ions (e.g. chlorides, bromides….) A lot undissolved particles e.g. sand, plastics, plant matter etc. Basic Drinking Water Processes Slide 22 / 74 Emily Serrano

23. Leading parameters of sea water abstraction Why do we need these parameters? Flow: Intake amount Pressure : Basic parameter to manage pressurized pipes and pumps Temperature (optional): only monitoring Which instrument can we use? Promag W400 (corrosion protection) Cerabar PMC21 TR10 Basic Drinking Water Processes Slide 23 / 74 Emily Serrano

24. Basic Drinking Water Processes Typical flow applications Well heads for irrigation Other applications: Distribution networks Chemical dosing for flocculation, coagulation, etc.. Drinking water wells Slide 24 / 74 Emily Serrano

25. Pre-Treatment and Inlet Control Basic Drinking Water Processes Hardening Softening Slide 25 / 74 Emily Serrano

26. Task of raw water pre-treatment Basic Drinking Water Processes To protect the treatment plant against harsh pollution and microbiological challenges. Mechanical pre-treatment to remove rough solids debris by sieves, rakes Pre-disinfection to reduce bacterial growth pH-adjustment (optional) to prepare the incoming water for downstream processes Slide 26 / 74 Emily Serrano

27. Task of pre-disinfection and pH adjustment in water treatment Basic Drinking Water Processes Pre-disinfection and pH adjustment are examples of chemical dosing process. The chemicals used are often hazardous for the environment and the operator. Slide 27 / 74 Emily Serrano

28. Chemical dosing – level and flow measurements Basic Drinking Water Processes Why do we need these parameters? Level: to ensure that sufficient amount of chemicals are available, and to prevent over-spillage. Flow: to control the flow-proportional dosage of chemicals Which instrument can we use? FMR10/20 FTW31 or FTL31 H100, 10H L/W400, 10L Slide 28 / 74 Emily Serrano

29. Chemical dosing – pH and chlorine measurement Basic Drinking Water Processes Why do we need these parameters? Chlorine: to control the disinfection effect pH : to control the pH adjustment (dosage of NaOH ) Which instrument can we use? CM44x CPS11D / CPS31D CCS142D Slide 29 / 74 Emily Serrano

30. Gas Exchange Basic Drinking Water Processes Hardening Softening Slide 30 / 74 Emily Serrano

31. Basic Drinking Water Processes Special case: Precipitation of Manganese and Iron Groundwater contains dissolved manganese and iron ions which can be removed easily with blowing air into the water. This oxidation process forms insoluble oxides which are precipitated. These are removed by mechanical separation e.g. by sedimentation or filtration. In case of filtration, a regular filter washing process is needed, supported by backwash water and air. 1 2 3 Slide 31 / 74 Emily Serrano

32. Basic Drinking Water Processes Measuring parameters for precipitation of manganese and iron Why do we need these parameters? Level above filter: To monitor the filter load and to trigger cleaning process ( for close filter use differential pressure) Flow air and backwash water: to control needed ratio for cleaning. Air pressure: to protect the blower. Quality parameters ( Mn , Fe, O2) Optional: To control treatment success and aeration efficiency Which instrument can we use? FMR10 or FMU30 T-mass A/B 150 (air) Promag 10L (water) CA80FE (CA80MN when available) COS61D with CM44x Slide 32 / 74 Emily Serrano

33. Coagulation, Flocculation and Precipitation Basic Drinking Water Processes Hardening Softening Slide 33 / 74 Emily Serrano

34. Task and function of flocculation and sedimentation Basic Drinking Water Processes Removal of dissolved heavy metals and unwanted color (caused by dissolved organic matter). Destabilize various dissolved matter and transform them into agglomerates which can be mechanically separated from water. Slide 34 / 74 Emily Serrano

35. Measuring parameters in flocculation and sedimentation Basic Drinking Water Processes Why do we need these parameters? The pH strongly influences the success and efficiency of the flocculation and separation process Flow inlet: Basic information for dosage control Flow flocculants : Optimizing chemical usage and reduction of sludge Turbidity at inlet (<30 FNU) Optional: To guarantee sufficient flocculants dosage in case of higher turbidity load Which instrument can we use? CPS11D + CM44X Promag L400 or 10L Promag P300 or H100 CUS52D + CM44X Slide 35 / 74 Emily Serrano

36. Filtration & Adsorption Basic Drinking Water Processes Hardening Softening Slide 36 / 74 Emily Serrano

37. Basic Drinking Water Processes Typical applications of bed filtration Slide 37 / 74 Emily Serrano

38. Measuring parameters in an open sand filter (operation) Why do we need these parameters? Flow inlet/outlet: controls the hydraulic filter load and hydraulic balance Level: detects increasing filter load and blockages. Turbidity (inlet): indicates the required quality. Sand filters have lower quality requirements than e.g. active carbon filters. Turbidity (outlet ): indicates the filtration efficiency Which instrument can we use? L400 or 10L FMR10/20 or FMU30 CUS52D + CM44X Basic Drinking Water Processes Slide 38 / 74 Emily Serrano

39. Example of ultrasonic level measurement in open sand filters Basic Drinking Water Processes FMU40, Germany FMU40, Ghana Slide 39 / 74 Emily Serrano

40. Turbidity at outlet of sand filtration - France Basic Drinking Water Processes The low turbidity sensor CUS52D is capable of measuring very low values reliably for example in this location at 0.113 FNU. Benefits: Accuracy & reliability : measuring results like in the lab acc. ISO7027. Flexibility: only sensor in the world for all installation positions. OPEX reduction : measurement without product/water loss. Safety : calibration without formazine . Slide 40 / 74 Emily Serrano

41. Measuring parameters in an open sand filter (backwash process) Why do we need these parameters? Flow (air/backwash water): To generate the water/air mixture to fluidize the filter bed Pressure (air): To control the blower Turbidity (outlet ): can be used to optimize the backwash process by indicating its end (reduction of washing time and quantity of wash water) Which instrument can we use? L400 or 10L PMC21/11 CUS52D + CM44X Basic Drinking Water Processes Slide 41 / 74 Emily Serrano

42. Basic Drinking Water Processes Typical applications of bed filtration Slide 42 / 74 Emily Serrano

43. Basic Drinking Water Processes Function of closed filter (pressurized bed filtration) Closed filters work in a similar way to sand filters. The closed design allows the filtration velocity and load to be increased by using pressurized systems. A common application of closed fast filters is active carbon filtration Slide 43 / 74 Emily Serrano

44. Task and function of Active Carbon Filtration Basic Drinking Water Processes Reduction of dissolved components (Dissolved Organic Carbon, Chlorine), color, taste, smell. Process of Active Carbon Filtration based on Adsorption. Adsorption: adhering of substances on the surface of the active carbon particles Active carbon pellets have a large and very active surface. The inlet water must have an very high quality (low turbidity) to avoid filter blockages Slide 44 / 74 Emily Serrano

45. Measuring parameters in Active Carbon Filtration Basic Drinking Water Processes Leading operation parameter is contact time (10-30 min) Why do we need these parameters? Flow (inlet / outlet) : Indicates the required contact time between water and filter medium and controls the process functionality. Turbidity (inlet): Controls the minimum water quality to avoid early filter blockages Differential pressure: to control the filter running time and to indicate the washing period. Which instrument can we use? L400 or 10L CPS52D + CM44X PMP21/11 + RMA42 or PMD55 Slide 45 / 74 Emily Serrano

46. Membrane Filtration and Reverse Osmosis Basic Drinking Water Processes Hardening Softening Slide 46 / 74 Emily Serrano

47. Basic Drinking Water Processes Types of membrane filtration MF, UF, NF and RO are all membrane filtration techniques. The extent of the removal is determined by the size of the pores in the membranes. Membranes are thin and porous sheets of material able to separate contaminants from water when a driving force is applied. RO uses a semi-permeable membrane that does not have any pores. Membrane Filtration Micro- Filtration MF Ultra Filtration UF Nano Filtration NF Reverse Osmosis RO Slide 47 / 74 Emily Serrano

48. Function of membrane filtration Basic Drinking Water Processes Dissolved Substances organic substances, high-molecular organic substances, middle-sized organic substances, low molecular, & inorganic Polyvalent ions Monovalent ions Solid Substances Particles, colloids, e.g. Bacteria Parasites Algae Viruses Clay particles Ultra- & Micro filtration P ≤ 2 bar d max 10-50 nm Nanofiltration P = 5-20 bar d max = 1nm Reverse Osmosis P = 10-70 bar no pores Feed direction Slide 48 / 74 Emily Serrano

49. Specific function of reverse osmosis (RO) Basic Drinking Water Processes It is used to remove a large majority of contaminants from water by pushing the water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane. Allows passage of water molecules, but not most dissolved salts, organics, bacteria, etc … Energy is required to “push” the water molecules through Pressure required depends on the salinity of the raw water: sea water vs brackish water vs river water, etc.. Slide 49 / 74 Emily Serrano

50. Basic Drinking Water Processes Design of membrane filtration modules Slide 50 / 74 Emily Serrano

51. Measuring points of MF/UF/ NF Basic Drinking Water Processes Why do we need these parameters? Inlet/outlet flow: m onitors the hydraulic load of the filter Turbidity (inlet ): can be used to optimize the backwash process by indicating its end (reduction of washing time and quantity of wash water) Which instrument can we use? L400 or 10L PMC21/11 CUS52D + CM44X UF, MF skids (pre-RO) The Philippines Slide 51 / 74 Emily Serrano

52. Basic Drinking Water Processes Example of typical desalination plant MF/UF/NF here is used as pre-treatment to protect RO membranes from fouling, scaling and blockage from bacteria, microorganisms, sand, clay, natural organic matter, oxidants etc.. To reduce maintenance and OPEX of membrane replacement. Sea water desalination, Ghana Slide 52 / 74 Emily Serrano

53. Additional pre-treatment steps Fouling Cause Appropriate Pre-treatment process Biological fouling Bacteria, microorganisms, viruses, protozoan Chlorination (disinfection) Particle fouling Sand, clay (turbidity, suspended solids) Filtration Colloidal fouling Organic and inorganic complexes, colloidal particles, micro-algae Coagulation + Filtration Optional: Flocculation / sedimentation Organic fouling Natural Organic Matter (NOM): humic and fulvic acids, biopolymers Coagulation + Filtration + Activated carbon absorption Coagulation+ Ultrafiltration Mineral fouling Calcium, magnesium, barium or strontium sulfates and carbonates Anti- scalant dosing Acidification Oxidant fouling Chlorine, ozone, potassium permanganate Oxidant scavenger dosing: Sodium bisulfite Granulated activated carbon Basic Drinking Water Processes Slide 53 / 74 Emily Serrano

54. Basic Drinking Water Processes Analytical parameters for inlet of RO Why do we need these parameters? pH (6 … 9) : an indicator of acid loads. ORP (<350mV): indicates the oxidizing character of the water which may damage the membranes. Conductivity: mainly as an indication of permeate quality, not as a pre-condition for RO feed. TOC (by SAC) <0.005ppm: is needed to avoid membrane fouling from organics Turbidity (<0.2 – 0.5 NTU): indicates the (unwanted) presence of suspended solids which can cause fouling. Chlorine: to detect the presence of negligible levels Slide 54 / 74 Emily Serrano

55. Basic Drinking Water Processes Analytical parameters for inlet of RO Which instruments can we use? CPS11D/31D/12D/16D CLS15D/21D CAS51D-SAC CUS52D CCS142D ..with CM44X Self-fabricated panel by customer, Egypt Slide 55 / 74 Emily Serrano

56. Task of energy recovery unit To drastically reduce the energy consumption of the RO plant, by capturing the hydraulic energy of the high pressure reject (concentrate) stream and transferring this energy to back into the system. Basic Drinking Water Processes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZ7bgkFgqJQ 4:01 – 4:51 Slide 56 / 74 Emily Serrano

57. Basic Drinking Water Processes Measuring parameters at RO membranes and energy recovery unit Why do we need these parameters? Flow/pressure: to ensure that the hydraulic balance is maintained. Differential pressure : to control the membrane running time and to determine the start/stop of chemical washing. Which instruments can we use? L/W400 or 10L PMP21/51 2 x PMP21/51 + RMA42 or PMD55 Slide 57 / 74 Emily Serrano

58. Basic Drinking Water Processes Outlet of RO membranes – analytical measurement Why do we need these parameters? Conductivity: to detect membrane leaks Which instruments can we use? CLS15D + CM44X Slide 58 / 74 Emily Serrano

59. E+H offering for membrane filtration skid builders Skid builders often request to use smart, simple and cost effective instruments on their skids to offer a unique, reliable solution to their customers. Basic Drinking Water Processes Analytics based on CM14 Point level (FTW31,…) Level cont. (FMU30, PMP131…) Flow Promag 10 versions Pressure PMP/C 131 Temp. and components Slide 59 / 74 Emily Serrano

60. Hardening /Softening Basic Drinking Water Processes Hardening Softening Slide 60 / 74 Emily Serrano

61. Basic Drinking Water Processes Task and function of softening with ion-exchange (IE) Removal of hardness components (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ) by exchange with less critical ions, mostly sodium (Na + ) from NaCl or potassium (K + ) from KCl . The removal capacity of the IE resin becomes exhausted and has to be regularly regenerated. The regeneration procedure: rapid backwashing to remove fine particles. resins are flushed with regeneration brine ( NaCl ) to replace the previously removed ions. Poor regeneration is the most common problem when IE plants fail to produce the required water quality or volume. Slide 61 / 74 Emily Serrano

62. Basic Drinking Water Processes Measuring points - Softening with ion exchange Why do we need these parameters? Flow (inlet water): provides mandatory hydraulic control of the ion exchange process and optionally trigger the regeneration which can be initiated by time or throughput. Flow (regeneration chemicals): Provides mandatory control of the injection, ensuring the correct flow rate to provide sufficient contact time. Differential pressure(IE resin): To monitor the pressure drop across the resin bed to indicate fouling processes with suspended solids or a damage of the resin beads Which instrument can we use? L400 or 10L H100 or 10H PMP21/11 with RMA42 or PMD55 Chemical storage tanks have to be controlled by level Slide 62 / 74 Emily Serrano

63. Basic Drinking Water Processes Task and function of water hardening with lime milk Dosing of lime milk (Ca(OH) 2 ) reduces water corrosiveness, which is caused by higher water hardness. The preparation of the required lime milk solution has to be done on-site. The solution has a concentration between 25% and 45%, but the imprecise dilution process causes changing concentrations Dosage of lime causes increasing pH; Dosage of CO2 regulates the pH back to pH 6.5 … 7 Slide 63 / 74 Emily Serrano

64. Basic Drinking Water Processes Measuring points – water hardening with lime milk Lime milk preparation Why do we need level measurements? Provides mandatory basic control of a storage tanks to avoid overfilling. Ensures that there is sufficient lime available. Redundant level with overfill protection increases process safety. Which instrument can we use? FMR56 or FMU42 (lime bunker) FDU91 / FMU41 or FMR52 (lime water tank) Switches: FTL50 or FTL31 Slide 64 / 74 Emily Serrano

65. Basic Drinking Water Processes Measuring points – water hardening with lime milk Dosage processes and pH adjustment Why do we need these measurements? Flow water and lime milk: To control the flow-proportional lime dosing. Flow (carbon dioxide gas): To control the dosage of carbon dioxide to achieve targeted pH value pH: To monitor the required pH value after hardening, which causes increasing pH values Which instrument can we use? CPS11D/31D + CM44x L400 or 10L H100 or 10H Slide 65 / 74 Emily Serrano

66. Conditioning and Disinfection Basic Drinking Water Processes Hardening Softening Slide 66 / 74 Emily Serrano

67. The outlet area of the drinking water plant Basic Drinking Water Processes (Optional) dosage of inhibitors which secure the pipes against corrosion effects. Final disinfection before entering the distribution network. Outlet control (monitoring) of WTP The outlet control is required by legislation. Parameter, frequency of measurement and limits are defined by countries or regions (EU) Most parameter are related to accredited lab methods Slide 67 / 74 Emily Serrano

68. Inhibitor dosage and pH outlet control Water may still possess a aggressive characteristics that make it necessary to protect the pipes of the distribution network against corrosion. Both pH monitoring and the dosage of inhibitors are common treatment steps to decrease corrosiveness and to protect pipes and other network assets against corrosion. ‘Inhibitors’ are silicate or phosphate solutions and build-up a coating in the pipes Basic Drinking Water Processes Slide 68 / 74 Emily Serrano

69. Task of disinfection Basic Drinking Water Processes The effective inactivation of any pathogens including viruses and bacteria Disinfection methods are Chlorination Ozonation UV (Micro-/Nanofiltration) does not inactivate but remove bacteria and viruses Slide 69 / 74 Emily Serrano

70. Basic Drinking Water Processes Chlorination Still is the main disinfection method for water Efficiency depends from pH pH>6,5  disinfection effect is decreasing Further limitations are particles, NH 4 + elements and organic load  water quality influence chlorination effect Normally, the residual free chlorine concentration decreases during distribution. The permissible limits of residual free chlorine after disinfection is regulated by local laws. Slide 70 / 74 Emily Serrano