BASIC FACT ON HIV/AIDS AND IT'S MANAGEMENTS

all the facts about HIV/AIDS

1. USAID HIV Epidemic Control Activity BASIC FACT ABOUT HIV/AIDS TRAINING LORD ESHUN (P.A Med) ENCHI GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL HEAD OF ART/TB UNIT

2. What is HIV? HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (germ) that causes AIDS in humans AIDS - AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, the disease caused by HIV. AIDS refers to the end stage of HIV infection where there is a collection of signs and symptoms of different illnesses (syndrome) at the same time due to a weakened immune system

3. TYPES AND DIFFERENCES HIV IS A RETROVIRUS Subtypes Available HIV-1 and HIV-2 Similarities Transmitted through the same routes Associated with similar opportunistic infections HIV-1 is more common worldwide. HIV-2 is found primarily in West Africa, Mozambique and Angola. In Ghana (2023) HIV 1 = 98.1% HIV 2 = 0.7 % HIV 1&2 = 1.2%

4. HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE HIV……………To get HIV …. 1. One must come into contact with an HIV infected persons Bodily fluid that contains HIV in enough quantities to cause infection Examples of Bodily fluid that can contain HIV in enough quantities to cause infection Blood Semen Breast milk Vaginal fluid 2. HIV must go directly to the blood stream HIV may penetrate through the outer membrane of the fragile skin(wall of the vagina and into the blood stream. HIV may enter through a cut sore, scratch, or needle puncture into the blood stream HIV may also enter through microscopic tears in the skin

5. Modes of Transmission of HIV 1. Sexual Contact (80%) Sexual contact vaginal, oral, and anal sex. with an infected person’s Male-to-female, female-to-male, male-to-male and female-to-female 2. Parenteral (5%) Share needles or syringes or sharps that are contaminated with the blood of an infected person. Blood Transfusion Sharing needles or syringes (used to inject drugs or other things) with another person Sharing blade or other sharp objects Needle Stick Accidents 3.Mother to Child(15%) HIV infected mother pass the virus to her child, either during Pregnancy (in-utero) 10-25% Breastfeeding (postpartum) 10-20% Labor and Delivery (intrapartum) 60-75%

6. Factors increasing the Risk Of Acquiring HIV Factors increasing the risk of HIV Transmission Sexually •Having casual sex •Having sex with commercial sex worker(s) •Having numerous sexual partners at A time •Drug users •Non use of condom •Men having sex with men Factors increasing the risk of HIV Transmission Via Blood and Blood products Intravenous Drug User(IDU) Repeated Transfusions (blood &Blood Products) Hemophiliacs Needle Stick Injury Tattooing Scarification Marks Acupunctures Factors increasing the risk of HIV Transmission from Mother to Child Prematurity First twin New infection Increase viral load

7. Ways HIV is NOT Transmitted Non sexual physical contact Shaking hands with an infected person Giving someone a touch on the back or body Receiving a touch on the back or any part of the body Visiting a friend with HIV infection or AIDS Talking to a person with AIDS Sharing the same office Sleeping together without having sex Kissing Eating together Eating from one plate Drinking from one cup

8. Ways HIV is NOT Transmitted – cont’d Sharing equipment Using the same hoes, cutlasses Using the same paper, books, pens Using the same telephone Using the same public transport Using the same typewriter or computer Sharing toilets, bathrooms and swimming pools Using a common toilet (latrine) seat Using a common bathroom Using a common swimming pool Being bitten by mosquitoes or other insects Taking care of an AIDS patient Feeding a patient

9. NATURAL HISTORY OF HIV (Adults) What happens when HIV enters the Body? Knowing how HIV infects and the disease process helps people understand prevention and treatment options, and why it’s important to start antiretroviral treatment as soon as possible after testing positive. - - 2 - 15 years - - Infectious Death Infected Not Infected AIDS - - 1.5 years on average - - Weakened immune system of the individual may lead to: Increased prevalence of common infections Increased recurrence of common infections More severe episodes of common infections Atypical presentations of common diseases Frequent expressions of uncommon diseases

10. MULTIDERMATOMAL HERPES ZOSTER

11. EXTENSIVE CHICKEN POX Umbilicated papules

12. VIRAL INFECTION –MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM

13. FLAT or PLANE WARTS

14. GENITAL WARTS

15. FUNGAL INFECTIONS

16. The sexual network FUNGAL INFECTIONS( ORO-PHARYNGEAL CANDIDIASIS)

17. SEBBORHOEIC (ECZEMA) DERMATITIS

18. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS Furuncles/abscesses (Boils)

19. KAPOSIS’ SARCOMA

20. PRURITIC PAPULAR ERUPTIONS (DERMATITIS)

21. Treatment Option HIV treatment involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which helps people with HIV live longer, healthier lives and reduces the risk of transmitting the virus to others. ART consists of a combination of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs that prevent the virus from multiplying and damaging the immune system. Treatment Guidelines ART should be started as soon as possible after diagnosis. First-line treatment often includes Tenofovir + Lamivudine + Dolutegravir (TLD). Adherence to treatment is crucial to prevent drug resistance.

22. Benefits of ART Reduces viral load (amount of HIV in the blood). Strengthens the immune system (increases CD4 count). Prevents opportunistic infections (e.g., tuberculosis, pneumonia). Lowers the risk of HIV transmission (Undetectable = Untransmittable , U=U).

23. SOCIAL FACTORS DRIVING THE HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC Poverty & Ignorance Stigmatization Marginalization Cultural myths & practices Cultural And Religious Beliefs Myths regarding HIV/AIDS and Safer Sex practices Gender Roles Taboo/Social Bans Sexual practices Prostitution/sex work Homo/bisexuality Sexually transmitted infections Sex tourism Cultural Practices And Rituals Migration/Urbanization Alcohol And Drug Abuse

24. SOCIAL FACTORS DRIVING THE HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC …… Cont’d Widowhood Rites and Rituals Widow Inheritance Polygamy Partner Exchange Extra marital affairs Sexual Maturity Initiation Rites (male and female) Funeral Rituals Dry sex or vaginal douching Blood Pacts/Brotherhood Initiation: Traditional male circumcision Female Genital Cutting Rituals of Reversal

25. Prevention of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ( PrEP ) – Daily medication to prevent HIV in high-risk individuals. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) – Emergency HIV treatment within 72 hours of exposure. Safe Practices – Condom use, harm reduction for drug use, regular HIV testing.

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