Basic Human Rights

Basic human right is a concept that can be related to every race, religion, belief, culture and country. Basic human right is aspiration of every individual to achieve happiness in their live.

1. Basic Human RightsBasic Human Rights

2. IntroductionIntroduction
Definition of rightsDefinition of rights
Classification of rightsClassification of rights
Development of basic Human rightsDevelopment of basic Human rights
Development of HR: Universality of Human Development of HR: Universality of Human
rightsrights
Development of HR: Three Generations of HRDevelopment of HR: Three Generations of HR
Basic rights and DemocracyBasic rights and Democracy

3. Introduction Introduction
Basic human right is a concept that can be Basic human right is a concept that can be
related to every race, religion, belief, culture related to every race, religion, belief, culture
and country.and country.
Basic human right is aspiration of every Basic human right is aspiration of every
individual to achieve happiness in their live.individual to achieve happiness in their live.
The development of basic human rights shows The development of basic human rights shows
the need to for:the need to for:
● ● safety in lifesafety in life
● ● better self-protectionbetter self-protection

4. IntroductionIntroduction
What is right?What is right?
Without that rights, individuals are controlled by their master. Without that rights, individuals are controlled by their master.
It is more than demands, it is a value a person needs in order to It is more than demands, it is a value a person needs in order to
protect himself so that he can keep his life and improve it as well protect himself so that he can keep his life and improve it as well
as develop his personality (Hakim Stayton).as develop his personality (Hakim Stayton).
● ● Rights imply obligation of another individual and community Rights imply obligation of another individual and community
not to inhibit actions of individuals and even need to help them.not to inhibit actions of individuals and even need to help them.
A person’s right to do something indicates that there are another A person’s right to do something indicates that there are another
person’s as well as society’s responsibilities to support what is person’s as well as society’s responsibilities to support what is
being done by each of them.being done by each of them.

5. Introduction Introduction
Examples: Examples:
If one has a right to live, this means that others If one has a right to live, this means that others
do not have the liberty to murder him.do not have the liberty to murder him.
If one has a right within a society to a free If one has a right within a society to a free
education, this means that other members of education, this means that other members of
that society have an obligation to pay taxes in that society have an obligation to pay taxes in
order to pay the costs of that educational right.order to pay the costs of that educational right.

6. The definition of right.The definition of right.
Donelly (1985) highlighted two (2) concepts of right:Donelly (1985) highlighted two (2) concepts of right:
politics and moral significationspolitics and moral significations
a right is seen as a moral truth that “its is not a good thing to a right is seen as a moral truth that “its is not a good thing to
do”do”
a right is also seen as appropriateness as in the demand ‘I a right is also seen as appropriateness as in the demand ‘I
have the rights to ..have the rights to ..
Milne (1986) classified rights into three (3) categories:Milne (1986) classified rights into three (3) categories:
Law in societyLaw in society
Custom – woman rights on property in Negeri SembilanCustom – woman rights on property in Negeri Sembilan
Moral- obligation to individual and community Moral- obligation to individual and community

7. The definition of right.The definition of right.
The definition of right (A.C Kapur):The definition of right (A.C Kapur):
2.2.Rights come from society and within societyRights come from society and within society
3.3.Every right has certain responsibility. Your rights is my Every right has certain responsibility. Your rights is my
obligation/duty.obligation/duty.
4.4.A right is not a claim. It is embedded socially.A right is not a claim. It is embedded socially.
5.5.A right must be in line with public interest.A right must be in line with public interest.
6.6.A country does not build up rights → it only preserves and A country does not build up rights → it only preserves and
coordinates rights which are socially used.coordinates rights which are socially used.
7.7.A right must be clear and precise, especially in defining it.A right must be clear and precise, especially in defining it.
8.8.A right tends to develop. A right tends to develop.

8. The definition of right.The definition of right.
The definition of right (in Islam)The definition of right (in Islam)
The Arabic word, “hak” or “haqq” means:The Arabic word, “hak” or “haqq” means:
● “ ● “real fact” or “truth”real fact” or “truth”
● ● in terms of shariah (hukm): “truth” or anything which is related in terms of shariah (hukm): “truth” or anything which is related
to facts.to facts.
Ahmad Jalal Hammad on the other hand saw “right” (hak), Ahmad Jalal Hammad on the other hand saw “right” (hak),
“strength”, and “claim” as of other definitions that are more “strength”, and “claim” as of other definitions that are more
prominent than “haqq”. prominent than “haqq”.
Mohd Imarah: human rights in Islam are not only propagated Mohd Imarah: human rights in Islam are not only propagated
but must be implemented and protected in individual, society but must be implemented and protected in individual, society
and government levels. It is a sin to violate them.and government levels. It is a sin to violate them.

9. The definition of right.The definition of right.
Haqq used in Quranic language has the same meaning Haqq used in Quranic language has the same meaning
with “obligation”.with “obligation”.
Al-Darini summarized the definition of “haqq” as:Al-Darini summarized the definition of “haqq” as:
● ● a specific reward or the enforcement of control over a specific reward or the enforcement of control over
something or a claim to other party which allowed by something or a claim to other party which allowed by
the shariah whose objective is to get certain interest.the shariah whose objective is to get certain interest.
● ● the most important thing is that it must guarantee the the most important thing is that it must guarantee the
interest and welfare of Muslims collectively.interest and welfare of Muslims collectively.

10. The classification of right.The classification of right.
Generally, there are two (2) classifications of Generally, there are two (2) classifications of
rights:rights:
2.2.Positive rights and negative rightsPositive rights and negative rights
3.3.Individual rights and collective rights (which Individual rights and collective rights (which
one first individual or collective) one first individual or collective)

11. The classification of right.The classification of right.
Positive rights:Positive rights:
● ● rights which are guaranteed by a country rights which are guaranteed by a country
(government) (government)
● ● expectations about what one can do or receive expectations about what one can do or receive
or how one will be treated.or how one will be treated.
● ● rights for welfare matters such as education, rights for welfare matters such as education,
economy, employment, and social safety.economy, employment, and social safety.
● ● they need the interference of the government they need the interference of the government
or state.or state.

12. The classification of right.The classification of right.
Negative rights:Negative rights:
● ● Two (2) central beliefs:Two (2) central beliefs:
1. 1. People can have a right to something they do not People can have a right to something they do not
actively claim or for which the state would not back actively claim or for which the state would not back
them up.them up.
2. 2. Those rights are derived from some sources other Those rights are derived from some sources other
than the power of enforcement. than the power of enforcement.
Freedoms to voice up opinions, to own properties, to Freedoms to voice up opinions, to own properties, to
live, to join organizations, and freedom to practice live, to join organizations, and freedom to practice
certain religion. certain religion.
These freedoms are absolute rights of every individual. These freedoms are absolute rights of every individual.

13. The classification of right.The classification of right.
Individual rights:Individual rights:
Western human rights stress on individualisms during revival Western human rights stress on individualisms during revival
era/enlightenment and religious war 17era/enlightenment and religious war 17
thth
century. century.
Locke explained:Locke explained:
● ● an individual has inseparable rights as a human being andan individual has inseparable rights as a human being and
● ● the government should respect those rightsthe government should respect those rights
Locke: Natural rights for life, freedom/independence and wealthLocke: Natural rights for life, freedom/independence and wealth
Individualists’ tradition has become the inspiration for the Individualists’ tradition has become the inspiration for the
formation of civil rights and political rights for the formation of formation of civil rights and political rights for the formation of
civil and political rights: freedom of religion, expression, to vote.civil and political rights: freedom of religion, expression, to vote.

14. The classification of right.The classification of right.
Natural rights got criticism because it denies the importance of Natural rights got criticism because it denies the importance of
society; human social responsibility.society; human social responsibility.
In 19-20In 19-20
thth
century, the strongest criticism to natural laws theories century, the strongest criticism to natural laws theories
came from legal positivism doctrine; the source of laws is came from legal positivism doctrine; the source of laws is
positive and living laws, although they are against human rights positive and living laws, although they are against human rights
principles. According to legal positivism, rights only exist with principles. According to legal positivism, rights only exist with
enactment and enforcement.enactment and enforcement.
During the 19During the 19
thth
century, civil freedom developed and it was century, civil freedom developed and it was
related to the rights to involve in politics such as:related to the rights to involve in politics such as:
● ● the right to votethe right to vote
● ● the right to vote indicates that an individual should be given the the right to vote indicates that an individual should be given the
right to participate in the state’s decision-making processes. right to participate in the state’s decision-making processes.

15. The classification of right.The classification of right.
Collective rights:Collective rights:
Marxism or socialism prioritized the roles of the state Marxism or socialism prioritized the roles of the state
towards contributing any form of public interest to towards contributing any form of public interest to
people.people.
Third-world countries are said to have upheld basic Third-world countries are said to have upheld basic
human rights collectively because:human rights collectively because:
● ● cultures, customs, and religions are tied down to cultures, customs, and religions are tied down to
society.society.
● ● this allows matters related to society or collectivity to this allows matters related to society or collectivity to
be stressed on.be stressed on.
● ● compared to individual rights separately. compared to individual rights separately.

16. The classification of right.The classification of right.
In the tradition of Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, In the tradition of Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism,
and Confucius, an individual is seen as tied and Confucius, an individual is seen as tied
down to his society.down to his society.
Societies in Asia stress on Asian values:Societies in Asia stress on Asian values:
● ● They regard community and family as the They regard community and family as the
most important instruments in a country.most important instruments in a country.
● ● The authorities or leaders are respected.The authorities or leaders are respected.

17. The classification of right.The classification of right.
Individual and collective rights are essential for Individual and collective rights are essential for
whole people’s benefits and therefore both whole people’s benefits and therefore both
rights should be balanced.rights should be balanced.
United Nations (UN) has acknowledged these United Nations (UN) has acknowledged these
two rights to diversify the characteristics and two rights to diversify the characteristics and
positions of human rights. positions of human rights.

18. Development of Basic human rightsDevelopment of Basic human rights
The concept of basic human rights- an evolutional process or The concept of basic human rights- an evolutional process or
gradual process.gradual process.
The existence of thoughts about human rights.The existence of thoughts about human rights.
● ● Paine: since the existence of human beingsPaine: since the existence of human beings
● ● Other scholars: since Greek and Rome ages which were Other scholars: since Greek and Rome ages which were
brought by those of Greek Stoicism who stressed on natural law brought by those of Greek Stoicism who stressed on natural law
concept.concept.
● ● Religion: Islam→ The Qur’an has defined it since the 17Religion: Islam→ The Qur’an has defined it since the 17
thth

century century
● ● Donelly (1989) and western philosophers → There are no Donelly (1989) and western philosophers → There are no
human rights in religions but they are regarded as duties entitled human rights in religions but they are regarded as duties entitled
to the ruler and every individual.to the ruler and every individual.
■ ■ A religion plays the role to strengthen human rightsA religion plays the role to strengthen human rights

19. Development of HR: natural rightsDevelopment of HR: natural rights
John LockeJohn Locke
● ● The first person to develop natural theory ( natural The first person to develop natural theory ( natural
law)law)
● ● This theory is seen as the source of doctrine on This theory is seen as the source of doctrine on
human rights:human rights:
→ → every human being has natural right to live freely every human being has natural right to live freely
and to own properties.and to own properties.
Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson
● ● rejected the right to own propertiesrejected the right to own properties
● ● focused on happinessfocused on happiness

20. Development of HR: Natural rights Development of HR: Natural rights
of Locke and Hobbesof Locke and Hobbes
Two (2) philosophies:Two (2) philosophies:
2.2.Locke’s philosophies:Locke’s philosophies:
● ● Human rights are so effective.Human rights are so effective.
● ● Every member of the society respects those rights.Every member of the society respects those rights.
● ● Example: France Revolution Example: France Revolution
2. Hobbesian philosophies:2. Hobbesian philosophies:
● ● Individual rights gain less respectsIndividual rights gain less respects
● ● They depend on the needs of individuals themselvesThey depend on the needs of individuals themselves
● ● They encourage monarchy system and statism They encourage monarchy system and statism

21. Development of HR: social contractDevelopment of HR: social contract
Civil society has come up with a form of social contract between Civil society has come up with a form of social contract between
individuals and the state.individuals and the state.
A state can only be given the right to enforce the natural rights, A state can only be given the right to enforce the natural rights,
not the state’s rights.not the state’s rights.
The failure of the country to preserve the rights opens the door The failure of the country to preserve the rights opens the door
for people to start up revolution.for people to start up revolution.
■ ■ (Weston 1984: 258) (Weston 1984: 258)
Social contract→ two parties are supposed to complement each Social contract→ two parties are supposed to complement each
other with what was agreed upon and thus they need to respect other with what was agreed upon and thus they need to respect
it.it.
Locke had introduced individualistic theories to challenge Locke had introduced individualistic theories to challenge
absolute power of the kings and the sovereignty of the absolute power of the kings and the sovereignty of the
Parliament. Parliament.

22. Development of HR: individualismDevelopment of HR: individualism
The individualism right concept has much influenced The individualism right concept has much influenced
many events and philosophies.many events and philosophies.
France Revolution: focused on three (3) things related France Revolution: focused on three (3) things related
to natural rights which are:to natural rights which are:
1. Liberty1. Liberty
2. Equality2. Equality
3. Fraternity3. Fraternity
American Revolution: every human being is created American Revolution: every human being is created
with equal gift from the Creator along with undeniable with equal gift from the Creator along with undeniable
rights such as the rights to live, to have freedom and to rights such as the rights to live, to have freedom and to
be happy.be happy.

23. Development of HR: liberalism vs Development of HR: liberalism vs
collectivismcollectivism
The clash between individualism doctrine The clash between individualism doctrine
(liberalism) and collectivism (socialism).(liberalism) and collectivism (socialism).
Marx- individual rights are abstract (regarding Marx- individual rights are abstract (regarding
bourgeois rights)bourgeois rights)
● ● Capitalist system consists of two (2) classes:Capitalist system consists of two (2) classes:
1. employer class: bourgeois 1. employer class: bourgeois
2. employee class: proletariat2. employee class: proletariat
● ● An individual will know his rights when the An individual will know his rights when the
objectives of communism are met.objectives of communism are met.
● ● Through revolution, the proletariats defeated the Through revolution, the proletariats defeated the
bourgeoisies.bourgeoisies.
● ● In the end, socialism was formed. In the end, socialism was formed.

24. Development of HR: Universal HRDevelopment of HR: Universal HR
The influences of individualism and socialism. The influences of individualism and socialism.
● ● Early efforts to form universal basic human rights.Early efforts to form universal basic human rights.
● ● For example, by forming the organization of United For example, by forming the organization of United
Nations (UN).Nations (UN).
● ● Universal Declaration of Basic Human Rights was Universal Declaration of Basic Human Rights was
made in 1948made in 1948
■ ■ as a minimal standard that should be obtained by as a minimal standard that should be obtained by
every international society formed in 1948.every international society formed in 1948.

25. Socialism and Universal HRSocialism and Universal HR
The Soviet Union which promotes socialism does not The Soviet Union which promotes socialism does not
acknowledge the universal declaration because it does acknowledge the universal declaration because it does
not agree on it:not agree on it:
1. The guarantee of basic freedom for every human 1. The guarantee of basic freedom for every human
being is linked to the sovereignty of a certain state.being is linked to the sovereignty of a certain state.
2. The guarantee of basic human rights will be 2. The guarantee of basic human rights will be
practiced in the fields of economy, social and national practiced in the fields of economy, social and national
atmosphere which usually can be found in every atmosphere which usually can be found in every
country. country.
3. A definition to represent the citizens’ duties to the 3. A definition to represent the citizens’ duties to the
country, people and government. country, people and government.

26. Universal human rights.Universal human rights.
The rights that are mentioned in the Universal Declaration of The rights that are mentioned in the Universal Declaration of
Basic Human Rights cannot be accepted.Basic Human Rights cannot be accepted.
The rights that upheld by a large number of developing countries The rights that upheld by a large number of developing countries
or third-word countries such as the rights to be free to practice or third-word countries such as the rights to be free to practice
certain religion, individual freedom and so on. certain religion, individual freedom and so on.
Most countries in Asia and Africa do not acknowledge universal Most countries in Asia and Africa do not acknowledge universal
standard of basic human rights in the Universal Declaration of standard of basic human rights in the Universal Declaration of
Basic Human Rights.Basic Human Rights.
They show that there is a clash between universalism and They show that there is a clash between universalism and
relativism.relativism.
● ● Basic Human Rights are not yet universal.Basic Human Rights are not yet universal.

27. The generation of basic human The generation of basic human
rights.rights.
There are three (3) generations of basic human There are three (3) generations of basic human
rights:rights:
1. First generation (liberte - liberty)1. First generation (liberte - liberty)
2. Second generation (egalite – equality) 2. Second generation (egalite – equality)
3. Third generation (fraternite – solidarity)3. Third generation (fraternite – solidarity)

28. The generation of basic human The generation of basic human
rights.rights.
First generation (Generation of civil and political rights)First generation (Generation of civil and political rights)
● ● Focuses on civil and political rightsFocuses on civil and political rights
● ● During the 17During the 17
thth
and 18 and 18
thth
centuries that were related to English centuries that were related to English
Revolution, American Revolution and France Revolution. Revolution, American Revolution and France Revolution.
● ● Resulted from:Resulted from:
→ → the thoughts of political individualism and liberalismthe thoughts of political individualism and liberalism
→ → economic and social doctrines, laissez faireeconomic and social doctrines, laissez faire
● ● Negative basic human rights (the freedom to do something)Negative basic human rights (the freedom to do something)
● ● Stresses on non-interference efforts by the governmentStresses on non-interference efforts by the government

29. The generation of basic rights.The generation of basic rights.
Liberal Democratic Approach- nine (9) things have Liberal Democratic Approach- nine (9) things have
been highlighted:been highlighted:
2.2.The power is left in the hands of chosen officers.The power is left in the hands of chosen officers.
3.3.The restriction of executive power by the The restriction of executive power by the
constitution. constitution.
4.4.Cultures, ethnicity, religion and minority groups are Cultures, ethnicity, religion and minority groups are
not prevented from voicing up their importance in not prevented from voicing up their importance in
political processes and from using their cultures and political processes and from using their cultures and
languages. languages.

30. The generation of basic rights.The generation of basic rights.
5. Across parties and inter-relations in elections.5. Across parties and inter-relations in elections.
6. The freedom to involve in societies and pluralism, the 6. The freedom to involve in societies and pluralism, the
existence of alternative information sources. existence of alternative information sources.
7. Individuals have freedom to believe, to express their 7. Individuals have freedom to believe, to express their
views, to present their discussions, to give speeches, to views, to present their discussions, to give speeches, to
produce/publish, to gather, to demonstrate and to produce/publish, to gather, to demonstrate and to
make petition. make petition.
8. People with respect to politics are treated equally in 8. People with respect to politics are treated equally in
terms of law.terms of law.
9. The implementation of law to protect people. 9. The implementation of law to protect people.

31. The generation of basic rights.The generation of basic rights.
Second generation (economic, social and cultural rights)Second generation (economic, social and cultural rights)
● ● began during early 19began during early 19
thth
century through socialistic century through socialistic
tradition. tradition.
● ● they were more related to economic, social and they were more related to economic, social and
cultural rights.cultural rights.
● ● came out of dissatisfactions over the development of came out of dissatisfactions over the development of
capitalism which was based on individual freedom capitalism which was based on individual freedom
concept that this concept allows exploitation on concept that this concept allows exploitation on
working-class people and colonized society. working-class people and colonized society.
● ● they were more towards positive rights. they were more towards positive rights.

32. The generation of basic rights.The generation of basic rights.
It is based on Universal Declaration of Basic Human Rights, It is based on Universal Declaration of Basic Human Rights,
article 22-27 which include:article 22-27 which include:
● ● the rights for social safety, the rights to work and the rights for the rights for social safety, the rights to work and the rights for
the guarantee from being unemployed.the guarantee from being unemployed.
● ● the rights to rest and take a break including remunerative the rights to rest and take a break including remunerative
vacation, good health, the peace in oneself and his family.vacation, good health, the peace in oneself and his family.
● ● the rights for education, andthe rights for education, and
● ● the rights to get protection from being scientific, literature and the rights to get protection from being scientific, literature and
artistic products.artistic products.
It needs the roles of the government because there are claims of It needs the roles of the government because there are claims of
different of material needs.different of material needs.
● ● this leads to the focus on equality concept.this leads to the focus on equality concept.

33. The generation of basic rights.The generation of basic rights.
Third generation (solidarity)Third generation (solidarity)
Consists of four (4) rights which are:Consists of four (4) rights which are:
1. right for development1. right for development
2. right for healthy environment and balanced ecology2. right for healthy environment and balanced ecology
3. right for peace, and3. right for peace, and
4. right for inheritance4. right for inheritance
Vasak explained:Vasak explained:
● ● this generation can be considered new, meaning it might be this generation can be considered new, meaning it might be
questioned to the state.questioned to the state.
● ● but it can only be realized through collective actions by all the but it can only be realized through collective actions by all the
members in the society, either individuals, their state, the members in the society, either individuals, their state, the
government, private sector or international society at large. government, private sector or international society at large.

34. The generation of basic rights.The generation of basic rights.
According to Weston, there are six (6) forms of basic human According to Weston, there are six (6) forms of basic human
rights of the third generation (article 28 in the Universal rights of the third generation (article 28 in the Universal
Declaration of Basic Human Rights).Declaration of Basic Human Rights).
● ● it requires every person to follow social values (tata) in order it requires every person to follow social values (tata) in order
for the mentioned rights in the declaration can be executed. for the mentioned rights in the declaration can be executed.
● ● three (3) of the rights affected the nationalism resurrection of three (3) of the rights affected the nationalism resurrection of
the third-world countries and revolution. Right to determine eco-the third-world countries and revolution. Right to determine eco-
pol-soc-culture; scientific; heritage pol-soc-culture; scientific; heritage
● ● the rest of three (3) rights are the rights for peace, healthy the rest of three (3) rights are the rights for peace, healthy
environment and balanced ecology as well as right for humane environment and balanced ecology as well as right for humane
aid. aid.
● ● all six (6) rights are collective rights, NOT individual rights. all six (6) rights are collective rights, NOT individual rights.

35. Basic freedom and democracyBasic freedom and democracy
Basic freedom is a kind of right that every Basic freedom is a kind of right that every
citizen or person under a democratic rule should citizen or person under a democratic rule should
have. have.
Democracy is a system that gives chances to Democracy is a system that gives chances to
people to involve themselves in decision making people to involve themselves in decision making
and policy making. and policy making.

36. Basic freedom.Basic freedom.
Robert A. Dahl explained:Robert A. Dahl explained:
● ● democracy does not merely depend on one democracy does not merely depend on one
form of competition and political involvement. form of competition and political involvement.
● ● anyway, democracy also includes basic anyway, democracy also includes basic
freedom up to certain level.freedom up to certain level.
● ● freedom to voice up opinions, to express freedom to voice up opinions, to express
views, for press, and so on.views, for press, and so on.
● ● this allows people to form or to show their this allows people to form or to show their
political tendencies for meaningful things. political tendencies for meaningful things.

37. Basic freedom.Basic freedom.
C.F Strong explained:C.F Strong explained:
● ● democracy is a form of government that democracy is a form of government that
depends on the majority consent and depends on the majority consent and
disapproval. disapproval.
● ● the people can also take part in the ruling the people can also take part in the ruling
matters through their representatives and people matters through their representatives and people
with sovereignty. with sovereignty.

38. Basic freedom.Basic freedom.
John Locke in his writing, “Second Treatise on Civil John Locke in his writing, “Second Treatise on Civil
Government” (1690),Government” (1690),
● ● considers some of the rights for basic freedom as naturalconsiders some of the rights for basic freedom as natural
● ● among the rights for basic freedom are rights not to be among the rights for basic freedom are rights not to be
murdered, to be made slave, to be tortured, or to be in the state murdered, to be made slave, to be tortured, or to be in the state
of poverty by the ruler. of poverty by the ruler.
● ● the ruler is also responsible to preserve individual basic the ruler is also responsible to preserve individual basic
freedom because civil society and its government are formed freedom because civil society and its government are formed
based on the principles of public interest. based on the principles of public interest.
→ → human beings must be ready and willing to obey the ruler and human beings must be ready and willing to obey the ruler and
accept any majority decision so that their properties can be accept any majority decision so that their properties can be
protected. protected.

39. Basic freedom.Basic freedom.
Joseph Raz in his book, “The Moarality of Freedom” Joseph Raz in his book, “The Moarality of Freedom”
(1986)(1986)
● ● the identification of basic freedom relies on how the the identification of basic freedom relies on how the
government sees and evaluates public interest. government sees and evaluates public interest.
● ● freedom must have the reason to give privileged freedom must have the reason to give privileged
protection for individuals’ benefits and interest.protection for individuals’ benefits and interest.
● ● at the same times, it must preserve public interest at the same times, it must preserve public interest
that is an aspect of public society’s culture. that is an aspect of public society’s culture.

40. Basic freedom.Basic freedom.
John Stuart Mill saw freedom from the perspective of John Stuart Mill saw freedom from the perspective of
the relationship between individuals and their country. the relationship between individuals and their country.
● ● an individual should be lived freelyan individual should be lived freely
● ● a state should involve in individual freedom a state should involve in individual freedom
according to two (2) reasons:according to two (2) reasons:
1. an individual’s action is not a responsibility of other 1. an individual’s action is not a responsibility of other
people as along as the action is only for his own people as along as the action is only for his own
advantage and it does not involve other people.advantage and it does not involve other people.
2. an action that can be questioned its interest for other 2. an action that can be questioned its interest for other
people. people.

41. Basic freedom.Basic freedom.
Those of Marxism see freedom as a way to:Those of Marxism see freedom as a way to:
● ● to free those who are oppressed by economy.to free those who are oppressed by economy.
● ● economic equality can be achieved when economic equality can be achieved when
there is a revolution done by the proletariats to there is a revolution done by the proletariats to
stop the oppression of the bourgeoisies. stop the oppression of the bourgeoisies.
● ● absolute freedom can only be gained if people absolute freedom can only be gained if people
support communism. support communism.

42. Basic freedom.Basic freedom.
Amartya Sen laid down five (five) important mechanism about Amartya Sen laid down five (five) important mechanism about
the meaning of freedom:the meaning of freedom:
1. Political freedom.1. Political freedom.
Known as civil right.Known as civil right.
A chance for people to decide who to be the ruler and the A chance for people to decide who to be the ruler and the
ruling principles.ruling principles.
● ● Example: freedom to choose different parties, freedom to Example: freedom to choose different parties, freedom to
involve in societies. involve in societies.
2. Economic opportunity.2. Economic opportunity.
A chance given to individuals to enjoy the economic resources.A chance given to individuals to enjoy the economic resources.
Economic rights given. Economic rights given.

43. 3. Social opportunity.3. Social opportunity.
Social arrangement made by the society in order Social arrangement made by the society in order
to get education, good health etc. to get education, good health etc.
To get better life and the involvement in To get better life and the involvement in
political and economic activities. political and economic activities.

44. 4. Truthfulness assurance4. Truthfulness assurance
People are free to deal with each other.People are free to deal with each other.
To prevent bribes, and to increase accountability To prevent bribes, and to increase accountability
etc. etc.
5. Safety guarantee5. Safety guarantee
To provide social safeguard in order to avoid To provide social safeguard in order to avoid
famine, destitution etc. famine, destitution etc.

45. In conclusion…In conclusion…
The development of ideas concerning basic human The development of ideas concerning basic human
rights are manifested from liberalism thoughts until a rights are manifested from liberalism thoughts until a
declaration was formed which was called Universal declaration was formed which was called Universal
Declaration of Basic Human Rights.Declaration of Basic Human Rights.
Without denying beliefs and religions, individual rights Without denying beliefs and religions, individual rights
and basic freedom brought by liberal thoughts succeed and basic freedom brought by liberal thoughts succeed
to institutionalize those basic human rights. to institutionalize those basic human rights.
Even though humans’ cruelty and vindictiveness cannot Even though humans’ cruelty and vindictiveness cannot
be controlled totally all over the world, efforts to be controlled totally all over the world, efforts to
uphold basic human rights should be continued for the uphold basic human rights should be continued for the
harmony of the next generation. harmony of the next generation.