Basic idea about Cryptogams and Phanerogams with examples.pdf

Plant diversity is always a matter of great attraction to all the naturalists for its amazing and unique features. The identification of diverse groups is crucial for gaining holistic knowledge. This presentation offers a basic key to identifying the different plants by observing the morphological features.

1. PLANTAE-MORPHOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
Presented By
Dr. Nandadulal Sannigrahi,
Associate Professor,
Nistarini College, Purulia
D.B. Road, Purulia ( W.B)
723101,INDIA

2. INTRODUCTION
Plantkingdomisfullofdiversityduetoitsmorphological,anatomical,
physiological,biochemicalandmolecularnature,
FromverymicroscopicplanttogigantictreelikeSequoia,thediversityid
foundinallrespects,
Themorphologicaldiversityistheoutcomeoftheinternalorganization,
Theinternalorganizationispopularlyknownasanatomicalfeatureswhich
areobservediftheplantbodyisobservedundermagnifyingobjects,
Boththemorphologicalandanatomicaldiversityiscausedbythe
distributionoftheplants.
Thedifferentplantsaredistributedunderdifferentgeological,climateand
otheredaphicvariables,
Allkindsofplantsstartingfromcryptogamstohighlydeveloped
Angiospermsplayaverysignificantrolebyextendinganumberofbenefits
eithertangibleorintangiblefirmsinthenature.

3. ALGAE-MORPHOLOGY

4. ALGAE-MORPHOLOGY
Algaecanbesingle-cellorganismsormulti-cellularspecies.
Becausealgaelackawell-definedbody,theylackstructuressuchasroots,
stemsandleaves.
Algaeareusuallyphotosyntheticorganisms,whichareabletosynthesize
theirfood.
Algaethrivewherethereisenoughmoisture.
Asexualandsexualreproductionisalsopossibleinalgae.Sporesare
generated,whichareusedinasexualreproduction.
Algaearefree-livingorganismsthatcancreatesymbioticrelationshipswith
otherorganisms.
Vegetative,asexualandsexualreproductionoccurswithpredominant
gametophytestage(n)
RHODOPHYTA -Theyarecommonlyknownasredalgae,aspeciesfound
inbothmarineandfreshwaterhabitats.Thepigmentsphycocyaninand
phycoerythrinareresponsibleforthealgae’sdistinctiveredhue.
Chlorophyll-a,andotherpigmentsthatgiveagreenhuearealsopresent.
Theydonot,however,containchlorophyllborbeta-carotene.

5. ALGAE-MORPHOLOGY
GREENALGAE:Itisabroadcategoryofalgaethatincludestheprincipal
photosyntheticpigmentschlorophyllsaandb,aswellasauxiliarypigments
suchasxanthophyllsandbetacarotene.Greenalgaeperformphotosynthesis
onbehalfofhigherorganisms.Greenalgaespecieshavesymbiotic
relationshipswithotherorganisms.Multicellular,unicellular,colonial,
flagellatesandothersareamongthem.GreenalgaesuchasSpirogyra,
UlothrixandVolvoxaregoodexamplesofthis.
BLUE-GREENALGAE:Bluegreenalgaewasonceoneofthemostwell-
knownalgaetypes.However,becauseblue-greenalgaeareprokaryotes,
theyarenotcurrentlyrecognizedtobepartofthealgalfamily,asthebulk
ofalgaeareeukaryotes.Thesealgae,sometimesknownascyanobacteria,
existinaquaticorwetsettings,similartootheralgae.
Fromanecologicalstandpoint,sometypesofblue-greenalgaeare
beneficialtotheecosystembecausetheyaidinnitrogenfixationinthesoil.
Theyareknownasnitrogen-fixingbacteriabecauseofthis.Forexample,
Nostoc,Anabaena,andothers.Ontheotherhand,othertypesofblue-green
algaemaybetoxictohumans..

6. ALGAE-MORPHOLOGY
Theycouldbeneurotoxin,causingdisordersaffectingthenerveor
respiratorysystemssuchasparalysisorhepatotoxicity,causingliverfailure.
Theycanalsofunctionasenvironmentalhealthindicatorsbyidentifyingthe
intensityofpollution.
Algae’suses:Algalbiofuelisatypeofbiofuelmadefromalgae.Thanksto
recenttechnologicalandscientificadvances,algaecannowbeusedasa
fuel.Theusageofgreenalternatives,suchasalgalbiofuel,hasbeenpushed
asdemandforpetroleum-basedproductshasgrownandtheenvironment’s
healthhasdeteriorated.
BGAusedasbiofertilisercommercially;Agar-agar,solidifyingagentin
industrycomefromalgae,
ThediatomaceousearthcomeBacillariophyceaeisusedinblastfurnace.
Ulothrix,Fucus,Porphyra,Haematococcuspluvialis,Ascophyllum
nodosum,andSpirogyraarethemostwell-knownalgae.

7. MORPHOLOGY OF BRYOPHYTES

8. MORPHOLOGY OF BRYOPHYTES
Plantsoccurindampandshadedareas.
Theplantbodyisthallus-like,i.e.prostrateorerect.
Itisattachedtothesubstratumbyrhizoids,whichareunicellularormulti-
cellular.
Theyhavearoot-like,stem-like,andleaf-likestructureandlacktrue
vegetativestructure.
Plantslackthevascularsystem(xylem,phloem).
Thedominantpartoftheplantbodyisthegametophytewhichisahaploid.
Thethalloidgametophyteisdividedintorhizoids,axis,andleaves.
Thegametophytebearsmulti-cellularsexorgansandisphotosynthetic.
Theantheridiaproducesantherozoids,whichareflagellated.
Theshapeofanarchegoniaisasortofaflaskandproducesoneegg.
Theantherozoidsfusewithaneggtomakeazygote.

9. MORPHOLOGY OF BRYOPHYTES
Thezygotedevelopsintoamulti-cellularsporophyte.
Thesporophyteissemi-parasiticanddependentonthegametophyteforits
nutrition.
Cellsofsporophyteundergomeiosistoformhaploidgameteswhichforma
gametophyte.
Thejuvenilegametophyteisknownasprotonema.
Thesporophyteisdifferentiatedintofootsetaandcapsule.
CLASSIFICATIONOFBRYOPHYTES
Accordingtothenewestclassification,Bryophyteissplitintothreeclasses:
Hepaticopsida(Liverworts)–Riccia,Marchentia
Anthocerotopsida(Hornworts)-Anthoceros,Notothallus
Bryopsida(Mosses)-Funaria,Orthotrichum
USES:Ecologicalroleofsoilwater,Foodsources,fuel,Medicinalvalues

10. PTERIDOPHYTES -MORPHOLOGY

11. PTERIDOPHYTES -MORPHOLOGY
TrueLandAdaptation:Pteridophytesareamongthefirstplantstoadaptfullyto
lifeonland,havingwell-developedvasculartissues(xylemandphloem)for
waterandnutrienttransport.
SeedlessReproduction:Unlikeseed-bearingplants,theyreproducethrough
spores.Hence,theyarealsoknownascryptogams.
VascularTissuesPresent:Xylemandphloemarepresent,butxylemvesselsand
phloemcompanioncellsareusuallyabsent.Instead,theyhavetracheidsintheir
xylem.
Well-DifferentiatedPlantBody:Theirsporophyte(mainplantbody)consistsof
trueroots,astem,andleaves(orleaf-likestructuresinsomegroups).
SporesandSporangia:Sporesdevelopwithinspecialisedstructurescalled
sporangia.Thesecanbeclusteredintogroups(soriinferns,strobiliin
horsetails,etc.).
HomosporousorHeterosporous
Homosporous:Producingonlyonekindofspore(e.g.,Equisetum).
Heterosporous:Producingtwotypesofspores—microspores(male)and
megaspores(female)(e.g.,Selaginella).

12. PTERIDOPHYTES -MORPHOLOGY
Multi-cellularSexOrgans:Malesexorgansareknownasantheridia,and
femalesexorgansarecalledarchegonia.
AlternationofGenerations:Thelifecyclealternatesbetweenthediploid
sporophyte(dominant)andthehaploidgametophyte(independentbut
smaller).
MoistHabitats:Whiletheythriveonland,mostpteridophytespreferdamp
andshadyconditionstofacilitatereproduction,aswaterisneededforsperm
movement.
BotanicalSnakes:Pteridophytesareoftencalled“botanicalsnakes”because
theyareconsideredthefirsttruelandplants,justlikereptilesarethefirst
truelandvertebrates.
Pteridophytesexhibitasporophyte-gametophytelifecycle.Thesporophyte
isthedominant,photosyntheticphasethatproducessporesthroughmeiosis
inthesporangia.Thesesporesgerminatetoformthegametophyte,a
smaller,independentstagebearingantheridia(maleorgans)andarchegonia
(femaleorgans).Fertilizationoccurswhenspermfromtheantheridia
reachestheegginthearchegonia,formingazygote,whichthengrowsinto
anewsporophyte.

13. PTERIDOPHYTES -MORPHOLOGY
WhiskFern(Psilotum):Aleaflessplantwithphotosyntheticstemsandrhizoids.
ClubMoss(Lycopodium):Possessessmall,scale-likeleavesandfrequentlyforms
carpetsonforestfloors.
SpikeMoss(Selaginella):Aheterosporousgenusdisplayingbothmicrosporesand
megaspores.
Horsetail(Equisetum):Recognizedbyitshollow,jointedstemsandcone-like
strobilusatthetips.
MaidenhairFern(Adiantum):Knownforitsdelicate,fan-shapedleafsegmentsand
dark,slenderpetioles,
EconomicImportance
Fernsandhorsetailscanhelpinsoilbindinganderosioncontrol.
Somespeciesareornamental(e.g.,maidenhairfern)andaregrownfordecorative
purposes.
EcologicalRole
Theycontributetonutrientcyclinginforestecosystems.
Theyprovidemicrohabitatsforvarioussmallorganisms.
StudyTip
Observelocalpteridophytesingardensorparkstounderstandtheirmorphologyand
lifecyclemoreconcretely

14. GYMNOSPERMS MORPHOLOGY

15. GYMNOSPERMS MORPHOLOGY
The word “Gymnosperm” comes from the Greek words “gymnos”(naked)
and “sperma”(seed), hence known as “Naked seeds.”
Gymnosperms are the seed-producing plants, but unlike angiosperms, they
produce seeds without fruits. These plants develop on the surface of scales
or leaves, or at the end of stalks forming a cone-like structure.
Gymnospermsbelongtokingdom‘Plantaeandsub-kingdom
‘Embryophyta’.Thefossilevidencesuggestedthattheyoriginatedduring
thePaleozoicera,about390millionyearsago.
Basically,gymnospermsareplantsinwhichtheovulesarenotenclosed
withintheovarywall,unliketheangiosperms.Itremainsexposedbefore
andafterfertilizationandbeforedevelopingintoaseed.Thestemof
gymnospermscanbebranchedorunbranched.Thethickcuticle,needle-like
leaves,andsunkenstomatareducetherateofwaterlossintheseplants.
Most common examples are
Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgo, Ephedra, Gnetum ,Araucaria.Thuja, Cedrus, Picea,
Abies, Juniperus, Larix

16. GYMNOSPERMS MORPHOLOGY
Theydonotproduceflowers.
Seedsarenotformedinsideafruit.Theyarenaked.
Theyarefoundincolderregionswheresnowfalloccurs.
Theydevelopneedle-likeleaves.
Theyareperennialorwoody,formingtreesorbushes.
Theyarenotdifferentiatedintoovary,styleandstigma.
Sincestigmaisabsent,theyarepollinateddirectlybythewind.
Themalegametophytesproducetwogametes,butonlyoneofthemis
functional.
Theyformconeswithreproductivestructures.
Theseedscontainendospermthatstoresfoodforthegrowthanddevelopment
oftheplant.
Theseplantshavevasculartissueswhichhelpinthetransportationofnutrients
andwater.
Xylemdoesnothavevesselsandthephloemhasnocompanioncellsandsieve
tubes.
Gymnospermsareclassifiedintofourcategories-Cycadophyta,Coniferophyta,
GinkgophytaandGnetophyta.

17. GYMNOSPERMS MORPHOLOGY
Thelifecycleofgymnospermsisbothhaploidanddiploid,i.e.,they
reproducethroughthealternationofgenerations.Theyhaveasporophyte-
dominantcycle.
Thegametophytephaseisrelativelyshort.Thereproductiveorgansare
usuallycones.
MALE CONES–Thesehavemicrosporophyllthatcontain
microsporangium.Microsporangiumproduceshaploidmicrospores.Afew
microsporesdevelopintomalegametescalledpollengrains,andtherest
degenerate.
FEMALECONES–Themegasporophyllsclustertogethertoformfemale
cones.Theypossessovulescontainingmegasporangium.Itproduces
haploidmegasporesandamegasporemothercell.
Thepollenreachestheeggthroughwindoranyotherpollinatingagent,and
thepollengrainreleasesasperm.Thenucleiofmaleandfemale
gametophytesfusetogethertoformazygote.Thisisknownasfertilization.
Theseedappearsasscaleswhichcanbeseenontheconesofthe
gymnosperm

18. ANGIOSPERMS MORPHOLOGY
Allplantshaveflowersatsomestageintheirlife.Theflowersarethe
reproductiveorgansfortheplant,providingthemwithameansof
exchanginggeneticinformation.
Thesporophyteisdifferentiatedintostems,roots,andleaves.
Thevascularsystemhastruevesselsinthexylemandcompanioncells
inthephloem.
Thestamens(microsporophyll)andthecarpels(megasporophyll)are
organizedintoastructurecalledtheflower.
Eachmicrosporophyllhasfourmicrosporangia.
Theovulesareenclosedintheovaryatthebaseofthemegasporophyll.
Angiospermsareheterosporous,i.e.,producetwokindsofspores,
microspore(pollengrains)andmegaspores.
Asinglefunctionalmegasporeispermanentlyretainedwithinthe
nucellus.
Thepollengrainstransferfromtheanthertostigmaandreproduction
takesplacebypollination.Theyareresponsibleforthetransferof
geneticinformationfromoneflowertotheother.Thepollengrainsare
muchsmallerthanthegametophytesorreproductivecellspresentinthe
non-floweringplants.

19. ANGIOSPERMS MORPHOLOGY
Thesporophytesarediploid(2N),
Therootsystemisverycomplexandconsistsofcortex,xylem,
phloem,andepidermis.
Theflowersundergodoubleandtriplefusionwhichleadstothe
formationofadiploidzygoteandtriploidendosperm.
Angiospermscansurviveinavarietyofhabitats,includingmarine
habitats.
Theprocessoffertilizationisquickerinangiosperms.Theseedsare
alsoproducedquicklyduetothesmallerfemalereproductiveparts.
Allangiospermsarecomprisedofstamenswhicharethe
reproductivestructuresoftheflowers.Theyproducethepollen
grainsthatcarrythehereditaryinformation.
Thecarpelsenclosedevelopingseedsthatmayturnintoafruit.
Theproductionoftheendospermisoneofthegreatestadvantagesof
angiosperms.Theendospermisformedafterfertilizationandisa
sourceoffoodforthedevelopingseedandseedling.

20. LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERMS

21. ANGIOSPERMS MORPHOLOGY
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Theseedshaveasinglecotyledon.
Theleavesaresimplesandtheveinsareparallel.
Thisgroupcontainsadventitiousroots.
Eachfloralwhorlhasthreemembers.
Ithasclosedvascularbundlesandlargeinnumber.
Fore.g..Banana,sugarcane,lilies,etc.
DICOTYLEDONS
Theseedsoftheseplantshavetwocotyledons.
Theycontaintaproots,insteadofadventitiousroots.
Theleavesdepictareticulatevenation.
Theflowersaretetramerousorpentamerousandthevascular
bundlesareorganizedinrings.
Fore.g..grapes,sunflower,tomatoes,etc
Theangiospermsoriginatedabout250millionyearsagoand
comprise80%ofearth’splantlife.Theyarealsoamajorsourceof
foodforhumansandanimals.

22. THANK YOU FOR YOUR JOURNEY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Google for images used in the presentation,
Different WebPages to develop the content,
Brook Biology for Microorganisms-Madigan, Martinko, Bender, Buckley,
Stahl,
A Textbook of Microbiology-Pelzer, Chan and Krieg.
AA Textbook of Botany Vol,I-Hait, Bhattacharyya and Ghosh.
DISCLAIMER
Thispresentationhasbeenmadetoreachtheacademicfraternityandto
reachtheunreached.Thisiscompletelyfreetouse.Theauthordoesnot
claimanykindiffinancialinterestforthesame.