Basic infection control _In hospitals 123

FatmaSalahElNaggar 7 views 57 slides Oct 16, 2024
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About This Presentation

infection control


Slide Content

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Basics of infection control By Dr \ fatma salah elnaggar Infection preventionist Assuit University Hospital Infection control unit

objectives Infection control Standard precaution of infection control Isolation Blood borne pathogen

Infection control

What is infection control (aim) ? Prevent the spread of infection .. to not transmit from person to other to protect ( pt. & visitors -my self & so my family- other workers) The environment of hospital is different than The environment of home : - more m.o .. ,, present of i ntervention ,, and present of immunecomprimised patients ) …. So must specific precautions. What is the important of infection control????? Morbidity &mortality. HAIs rank among the most important causes of death in the developing world Multidrug resistant bacteria. High cost of healthcare ( Length of stay, increased use of antibiotics, additional investigations)

Why some of us not perform infection control strategies??? SOME PERSONS: not known SOME PERSONS: known or know some of these strategy,, but not feel it is very important to perform it (if no time) ,, and he see another intervention is the most important What is our mission? Clean care is safer care Who will carry out this mission ? T ogether E veryone A chieve M ore Cooperation

M.O. is our enemy …. So we must know well our enemy . M.O. … every time ….. every where Transient m.o . in hand is stiky …. So easy come easy go Sterile sites in the body is ( blood –C.S.F.-urine- brain , ms , internal tissue, C.N.S ),,,, other sites is contaminated and contain normal flora skin s.epidermis - micrococcus sp.- cornyebacter sp. – candidia sp.-anaerobes- mycobacterium smematis . mouth strept . Viridin - staph. Cocci - cornyebacterium sp.- staph.- E coli- flava bacterium sp.- bifidobacteria - clostridia- bacteriacide - enterococci- enterobactericie - helicobacter in upper G.I.T. Nose- Between toes

What is H.A.I.??? Infection that were not present or incubating at the time of admission to hospital or exposure to medical care (( infections that appear more than 48 hours after admission &those acquired in the hospital but appear after discharge))… Staff related infection . Who at risk? Pt. – staff (doctor , nurse,clean workers )- visitors&community ………. Developing and developed countries (decrease resources , bad cultures and habbits in developing countries……..increase invasive procedure, new technique , more old age & immuecomprimised in developed countries) At any time …. Over 1.4 million people world wide suffer from H.A.I . what isTypes of H.A.I. ? ? U.T.I- BLOOD STREAM INFECTION – PEUMONIA- S.S.I MOST OF INFECTION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRY IS U.T.I .( mostly by Ecoli ) MOST OF INFECTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRY IS PEUMONIA. (mostly by Klibsella )

Chain of Infections 1 8 The most reasonable point to break the cycle is the mode of transmission.

direct CONTACT indirect CONTACT DROPLETS AIRBORNE Transmission Enter by devices [catheter- canula - injection ],,skin ,, not intact skin[abrasion- surgery] ,, m.m [eye – nose- mouth].

Standard precautions

Standard Precautions Hand hygiene PPE Decontamination Linen & laundry Environmental cleaning Waste Management Aseptic technique Standard Precautions = every pt. … every time

1- hand hygiene hand wash- antiseptic hand wash - Antiseptic hand rub - Surgical hand antisepsis Most common mode of transmission of pathogens In the hospitals is via hands of health care workers

1847 - I.Selmewwis notice that maternal mortality increase when were de treated by physicians in the comparison by if treated by nurses ,,,, he thought that the cause was that , the physician make another procedure and deal with more pt . ,, so he may bring evil ghost to pregnant women ….. So he insisted that physicians clean hands with chlorine between each patient ,, so Maternal mortality dropped & stayed low. Forty years later the practice was not widely used.. despite good evidence. 13

14 ميكروبات الجلد الجراثيم المستوطنة resident flora : الجراثيم الدائمة التي تستوطن الطبقات العميقة من الجلد لا يمكن إزالتها عن طريق الدلك باستخدام الصابون أو المنظفات العادية, بل ينبغي استخدام أحد المنتجات التي تحتوي علي ا لمضادات البكتيرية للقضاء عليها أو إيقاف نشاطها . الجراثيم العابرة transient flora : تشمل الجراثيم الناتجة من التعامل مع المريض أو الأجهزة أو البيئة . ( stiky ) والتي تنتقل العدوى بها عبر المستشفيات نتيجة للتلامس المباشر مع إفرازات المريض أو فضلاته، ويمكن إزالتها عن طريق ا لتنظيف البسيط لليدين .

Video 1 ( stiky m.o . ,,,,,,, chain of infection ,,,,, wrongs)

16 اليدان تعلق بهما ميكروبات مستعمرة وعابرة مزرعة بكتيرية بعد 24 ساعة من وضع أحدي الممرضات ليديها على سطح طبق الأجار الدموي

What happens if you do not wash your hands frequently? You pick up germs from other sources and then you infect yourself when you Touch your eyes Or your nose Or your mouth. You can also spread germs directly to others or onto surfaces that other people touch.

18 ال أظافر (nails) أثبتت عدة دراسات أن المناطق الموجودة تحت الأظافر تعمل بمثابة نقطة تجمع للكائنات الدقيقة، مما يتسبب فى حدوث تفشيات وبائية للعدوى. يجب تقصير أظافر الأصابع . يجب عدم استخدام طلاء الأظافر . يجب تجنب الأظافر الصناعية حيث أن المادة اللاصقة يسهل أن تصبح مستعمرة للميكروبات المسببة للأمراض.

time : when to do Hand hygiene? 1-قبل ملامسة المريض 2- قبل الاجراءات النظيفة والاختراقيه 3- بعد ملامسة المريض 4- بعد ملامسة محيط المريض 5- بعد التعرض لسوائل الجسم وخلع القفاز

Video (2)

Handwashing At begin of day & with visible dirt 1 to 1.5 min alcohol-based handrubbing In visibly cleaned hand 15 to 20 sec

Video 3 (step of H.W.)

type : 1-routine hand wash يغطى اليد - بالماء والصابون ,دقيقة واحدة او اقل – يزيل الميكروبات العابره الممرضه –(( يمكن الاستعاضه عنه بالكحول اذا لم تتوفر احواض بشرط عدم اتساخ اليد ظاهريا , (( نصف دقيقة 2- antiseptic hand rub قبل التدخلات الاختراقيه ( تركيب قسطرة بول- خلط محاليل الاطفا ل- سحب عينه من مرضى نقص المناعه - سحب عينه BM aspirate ( يزي ل الميكروبات العابرة الممرضه والفلورا الطبيعية الدائمه -, نصف دقيقة 3- surgical hand rubbing قبل عمليات جراحيه- تركيب CVP – BM biopsy يغطى حتى فوق المرفقين - ببيتادين 7.5% الرغوى , 2-5 دقائق- يزيل الميكروبات المؤقته الممرضه والفلورا الطبيعية الدائمة

Video 3 (step of H.W.)

2- cough & sneezing etiquette

Video 5 (cough and sneezing etiquette)

3- Personal Protective Equipment “provides a physical barrier between micro-organisms and the wearer ” Gloves Gowns/aprons Masks and respirators– Goggles Boot Over head

Gloves : Purpose : patient care( doctor & nurse ,,, for protect me or pt .) ,,, environmental services( worker ), other …. “ Gloves do not replace hand hygiene ” and visa versa ,,, H.H must before& after it it Reduce the risk of contamination of pathogens by 70% (not provide total protection ),, it may be torn,, moisture formed in hand below it so suitable env . For m.o . Glove material: –, latex (with powder) , nitrile , vinyl other Types : Sterile ,, ( protect pt. ) as in surgery ,, BM biopsy &aspirate ,, CVP insertion ,,, blood sample from immunodeficiency person (N.B, SHOULD DO BEFORE IT surgical or antiseptic HH ACCORDING TO SITIUATION) – clean ,, ( protect me ) AS when dealing with body fluids (blood, urine) - heavy duty ,, ( worker ) ( protection from chemical disinfectant ,, sharp injury ) 28

N.B. : Don't move with gloves from one place to other Change between patients & after its contamination & be torn HH before and after it Don't touch the phone or make desk work with it White coat : Purpose : protect our clothes يجب ارتداؤه عند دخول المعمل, وخلعه قبل مغادرة المعمل 29

Masks: types: - surgical للحماية من خطر تناثر الرذاذ : - n95 or high efficiency ( for air borne infection as T.B.,,, Measles ,, Varicella zoster,, small pox new infectious m.o .(SARS,CORONA,H1N1,..) ) Protect me or pt. Place over nose, mouth and chin ,, Should fully cover nose and mouth Should be fitted ( Fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge ) Secure on head with ties or elastic Perform a fit check ,,for n95 or high efficiency mask: Inhale – respirator should collapse Exhale – check for leakage around face

Gowns : Types: Clean ( protect me )) as in suction, washing instrument, contact isolation Sterile ( protect pt.) as in surgery or CVP insertion, BM aspirate or biopsy

face shield or googles : Protect me (from spillage,..) Overhead: Used to confine and contain hair during certain procedures performed in the operating theater. Should be well-fitting and sealed Protect pt . from m.o . in my head or scalp & me from droplet as in surgery or CVP insertion, BM biopsy Leg covering: Protect me (from spillage,..) &pt.( help clean and disinfectant zone) Should be closed ….. Over shoes NOT RECOMMENDED”( As this is an ideal way of transferring micro-organisms from floor and shoes to the hand.

How to doning & remove PPE DONOT TOUCH DIRTY PART DONOT TOUCH STERILE PART Where to Remove PPE At doorway, before leaving patient room or in anteroom* Remove respirator (if airborne infection) outside room , after door has been closed* Ensure that hand hygiene facilities are available at the point needed, e.g., sink or alcohol-based hand rub Video 4

كيفية أرتداء وازالة الواقيات الشخصية لا تلمس الجزء الملوث لاتلمس الجزء المعقم ترتيب ارتداء الواقيات الشخصية •فـي حالـة أقسـام العـزل وعنـد التعـرض لإفـرازات وسـوائل الجسـم يتـم اتبـاع الترتيـب اآلتـي: 1 ) العباءة الطبية . 2 ِ ) القناع الجراحي أو القناع عال الكفاءة . 3 ) واقي العينين والوجه . 4 )ا لقفازات . • أما في أقسام العمليات فيكون الترتيب كاآلتي: 1) واقي القدم . 2 ) غطاء الراس . 3 ) القناع الجراحي . 4 ) واقي العينين والوجه . 5 )المريلة البلاستيكية أحادية الاستخدام )إذا لزم ارتدائها(. 6 ) العباءة الطبية المعقمة . 7 ) القفازات المعقمة.

أين تنزع الواقيات الشخصية قبل مغادرة غرفة المريض ما عدا الماسك عالى الكفاءة ( في حالة العدوى عن طريق الهواء) ,, خارج الغرفة بعد غلق الباب ((يجب التأكد من توفير مستلزمات غسيل الأيدي,, أحواض أو كحول غسيل الأيدي) ترتيب خلع الواقيات الشخصية: • ترتيب خلع الواقيات الشخصية في أقسام العزل : 1 )القفازات . 2 )نظافة األيدي . 3 ) واقي العينين والوجه . 4 ) العباءة الطبية . 5 )نظافة األيدي. 6 ِ ) القناع الجراحي أو القناع عال الكفاءة . 7 )نظافة األيدي. • يتـم خلـع الواقيـات قبـل مغـادرة غرفـة المريـض، أمـا فـي حالـة التعامـل مـع المرضـى بقسـم عـزل األمـراض المنقولـة عـن طريـق الهـواء أو الـرذاذ فإنـه يتـم خلـع القنـاع الجراحـي ِ والقنــاع التنفســي عــال الكفــاءة خــارج غرفــة المريــض وليــس قبــل مغادرتهــا . • ترتيب خلع الواقيات الشخصية بعد إجراء العمليات: 1 )القفازات . 2 ) العباءة الطبية . 3 )المريلة البالستيكية أحادية االستخدام. 4 )نظافة األيدي. 5 ) غطاء الرأس . 6 ) واقي العينين والوجه . 7 ) القناع الجراحي . 8 )نظافة األيدي .

What Type of PPE Would You Wear? Suctioning oral secretions? Gloves - mask/goggles or a face shield –gown Transporting a patient in a wheel chair? Generally none required Drawing blood from a vein ? Gloves ( after routine HH) (IN SPECIAL PLACE ) Drawing blood from a vein ? White coat--- sterile Gloves - mask ( after antiseptic HH) (IN SPECIAL PLACE ) Drawing blood from a vein of TB pt. ? White coat--- Gloves – N95 MASK ( after routine HH) (IN SPECIAL PLACE ) Give intramuscular injection? Generally none Cleaning an incontinent patient with diarrhea ? Gloves- w/ wo gown Taking vital signs ? Generally none insertion of Urinary catheter? Sterile gloves or non touch technique- h.h. with anti septic Insertion of C.V.P// aspirate C.S.F//? ( Wear & hand scrub) as surgery Diagnostic endoscope ? Clean gloves- clean gown- leg covering(for protection )

4- aseptic technique

Are practices that are designed to minimize the risk of introducing microorganisms to patients during patient care Component In any medical procedure ,,, - Hand wash ) routinely- aseptic- or surgical) - P.P.E . if need according to procedure ( sterile gloves in urinary catheterization ,,, clean gloves in cannulations ,,….)- place ( sterile if need as operation,,, clean in others)

5- waste manegment

- Infectious Waste { red } معالجة ب الحرق أو الفرم والتعقيم .. ثم الدفن - non Infectious Waste { yellow } الدفن أو مصانع للاستفادة - Sharps {sharp container} Glasses: جردل ابيض Liquid waste(urine- waste of device) : (بالوعة أو حمام أو حوض)مخصص ,, فتح الماء لازالة المتبقى,, تطهير يوميا على الاقل بكلور وكذلك الوعاء ,,,, يمكن استخدام بودرة الانسكابات remove if ¾ full & clean waste container at least one time/day transport By separate transporter To enter a main storage (with good ventilation – clean every day – secure – no sun in red wastes )

6- linen and laundary

( High Temp .- disinfectant - iron - dryness ) to kill m.o . Storage (every department) Separate transport( clean – dirty )

7- environmental cleaning

بعض قواعد التنظيف : من اعلى الي اسفل من النظيف للمتسخ عدم التغافل عن الأماكن كثيره التلامس ,,, كرسي التبرع بالدم يتم تطهيره بين كل مريض واخر جدول تنظيف <مكان عالي الخطورة ( بها تدخلات طبية)( 3 مرات على الاقل وبين المرضى,, باستخدام مطهر )– متوسط الخطورة( مثل قسم)( مرتين يوميا ,, يمكن الاكتفاء بالمنظف )– قليله الخطورة( ا نتظار- مكاتب)( مرة يوميا او كل يومين,, يمكن الاكتفاء بالمنظف ) مواد مستخدمه : كلور : زمن التلامس 10 دقائق ... احسن وارخص حاجة HLD (TB<< cryptosporadium ) ...لازم تكون في اوعيه مغلقة وغمقاء (ضد الضوء)... في مكان جيد التهوية ( تهيج العين والجلد والرئه)... جوندي اعمال شاقة ... لا أخلطه بشيء ( amonia or acid or Acidic fuid as urine , toxic cholerine gas ... تآكل المعادن والبلاستيك والمطاط لو تركيز عالى او تلامس اكثر من نصف ساعة …. stability of diluted solution is 24 hrs .... … inactivated by organic matter so must clean first 2- مركبات أمونيم الرباعية: LLD ( fugi - vegitative bacteria, lipid or medim sized viruses) 3- ديتول أو كحول ILD ( NON lipid or small viruses as poilo ,, HAV,, adenovirus,, rhinovirus) ) في حاله الانسكابات الدموية: في حالة وجود زجاج مكسور يتم ازالته بملقاط أو كرتون يرتدي القفاز اللاتكس ,, وواقي قدم- ومريلة بلاستيكية وواقى الوجه او نظارة واقيه يتم ازالته بالقماش النظيف أو باستخدام بودرة الانسكابات... ثم التخلص منهم في الكيس الاحمر تطهير بمحلول مطهر مثل الكلور ( في حاله الانسكاب الصغير) ,,,, كلور 1:9 5000 ppm ( نصف لتر على 5 لتر جركل صغير,, 100ملل لكل لتر ) 5- ثم تنظيف وشطف ثم كلور 1:49 1000 ppm (20 سم على لتر ماء,, نصف لتر على 20 لتر جركل كلى كبير) (في حالة الانسكاب الدموى الكبير) N.B. يحظر تناول الطعام والشراب داخل المعمل

Isolation Isolate m.o . not pt . special precautions to prevent the spread of infectious disease .. The type of precaution depends upon how the infection is spread..( droplet,airborne or contact routes)

What are Contact Precautions ? ( MRSA - Major skin infection - Heavy dispersal of skin scales (infected large burns ) - disseminated Herpes simplex . - Massive uncontrolled bleeding or diarrhoea . - infection or colonization with MRSA, VRSA, VRE and multi-drug resistant Gram - ve bacilli (producing ESBLs ).- Respiratory syncytial virus, - - Contact Precautions are used to prevent infections spread by touching an infected or contaminated body site (direct contact ) or by handling objects in the environment that are contaminated (indirect contact). Clean Gloves are worn every time you enter the room. Gowns will be-needed if providing direct care

What are Droplet Precautions ? ( influenza - mumps - pertussis - strept.pneumonia - heam.influenza - diphteria - meningeococal meningitis .. …) when a patient has a disease spread by respiratory droplets ( m.o . ›5micron) ...The infectious droplets are released when the patient sneezes or coughs …Since droplets are heavy , they fall rapidly usually within 3 feet of pt.(1meter) A private room or put separate after distance 1-2 meter is used and all persons entering must wear a surgical mask

What are airborne Precautions ? (as T.B .,,, Measles ,, Varicella zoster(chicken pox) ,, small pox ,,, new infectious m.o . (SARS,CORONA,H1N1 ,.. ) Airborne Precautions a used to prevent infections spread through the air .( m.o .<5micron ,, so go distance , they can remain in the air for long periods of time ) A private room or is used and all persons entering must wear a n95 or high efficiency mask

Blood borne pathogen

B lood borne pathogen Hepatitis B Hepatitis C HIV Malaria Syphilis Babesiosis Brucellosis Leptospirosis Viral hemorrhagic fever HTLV - I & II Arboviruses Relapsing fever CJD

. Present in Blood or Other Potentially Infectious Materials { Semen -Vaginal secretions -Body fluids : Spinal, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial, amniotic, and synovial fluids - Saliva from dental procedures contaminated with blood .- Any body fluid visibly contaminated with blood{ Fluids that are NOT Considered a Risk for BBP Vomit- Feces- Urine- Sweat- Nasal discharges- Saliva- Tears It can transmit by: . Skin abrasion- Needle sticks or contaminated sharps injuries- Open wound contamination: cut, dermatitis, psoriasis - Mucous membrane exposure : eyes , nose , mouth - Contact with contaminated surfaces: major cause of the spread of hepatitis. HBV can survive on environmental surfaces, dried and at room temperature for at least one week Risk of infection depends on several factors Pathogen involved- Type/route of exposure - Amount of virus in infected blood during exposure-Amount of infected blood involved in the exposure-If post-exposure treatment was taken-Specific immune response of infected individual.

HBV need low viral load & live in surfaces from 1 weak to 6 months ….{ 100 needle stick 30 person has HBV} HCV need moderate viral load …{ 100 needle stick 3-10 person has HCV} HIV need very high viral load …{ 300 needle stick 1 person has HIV} PREVENTION Avoid needle stick & do standarad precaution (is the most imp.) ….; Serology may be not discover HB vaccine (0-1-6m.)(10yr. Booster dose) , give immunity minimum 20years . If needle stick with (N.B. first make serology for me and pt .) if pt. known has HBV or unknown & I taken the vaccine in the past → nothing or take booster dose if pt. known has HBV or unknown & I not taken the vaccine in the past→ take Ig from pharmacy within 48 hr . + take vaccine

. if pt. known has HCV → nothing :O ,, may have trail to take Ig B from pharmacy (nonspecific). . if pt. known has HIV → take drug within48hr. For 28 days. make serology to ours (now- 3 m.- 6m.) or PCR (2weak - m.)

Thank you 