Basic nutrients - minerals.pptx

Nutrition can be defined as the science of the action of food, beverages, and their components in biological systems. A nutrient is a compound that provides a needed function in the body. Nutrients can be further classified based on the amount needed in the body.

1. Minerals

2. Inorganic element that remain as ash when food is burn. They make up about 4% of body weight. 40 kinds, 17 essential to human nutrition, 9 probably essential

3. Criteria that determine the essentiality of mineral Deficiency state occurs with a diet considered adequate in all respects. There is a significant response ( growth or alleviation of deficiency signs) when a supplement of the mineral is given

4. CLASSIFICATION ESSENTIALS Macro minerals or major minerals Those present in the body in relative large amount. 100mg/day or more Calcium ( Ca ) Potassium ( K ) Sulphur ( S ) Magnesium ( Mg ) Phosphorus ( P ) Sodium ( Na )

5. Micro mineral or more trace elements Those present in the body in small amounts. <100mg/day Iron ( Fe ) Cobalt ( Co ) Chromium ( Cr ) Selenium ( Se ) Fluorine ( F ) Iodine ( I ) Manganese ( Mn ) Molybdenum ( Mo ) Copper ( Cu ) Zinc ( Zn )

6. Probably essential ( do not meet all criteria ) Barium Bromine Strontium Vanadium

7. NON- ESSENTIAL Aluminium Arsenic Boron Lead Nickel Silicon Cadmium

8. GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF MINERALS

9. Structural function Integral parts of the cell, tissue, substance or organic compounds in the body. Example Bones and teeth – Ca,P,Mg,F Hair, nails, skin - Thiamine and biotin – S Haemoglobin – Fe Glandular secretion - HCI of gastric juice - Cl

10. Intestinal juice – Na Thyroxin – I Vitamin B12 – Co Soft tissues mainly muscles – all salts particularly K, P, S. Nerve tissues – All salts particularly K, P, S. Blood – All particularly Ca, Na, Cl, P, Fe, Cu

11. Regulatory function Maintenance of water and acid – base balance Normal exchange of materials between body fluid compartments- all salts Contractility of muscles – all particularly Ca, Na, and K. Irritability of nerves – all particularly Ca, Na, K

12. d . Oxidative process and metabolic reactions – Fe, and vit. B12 e. Digestive processes Cl, Na f. Normal blooding clotting – Ca g. Maintenance of acid- base balance or right pH of body system h. cations ( Basic elements ) – Na, K, Ca, and Mg i . Anion ( Acid elements ) – P, S, and Cl

13. Calcium - Ca A Major mineral constituent of the body that makes up 1.5% to 2% of the body weight. 99% is present in bones and teeth; the remaining 15 found in the soft tissue and body fluids

14. Functions For the structure of bones and teeth Blood clotting – blood coagulation DEFICIENCIES: Stunted growth Rickets Osteomalacia, osteoporosis Decrease of Ca is associated with increase incidence of hypertension.

15. Food source Vit. D and Vit C favour absorption Milk Cheese and other milk products ( except butter ) sardines with bones Some green leafy vegetables ( Broccoli, collards and kale)

16. Chloride - Cl An essential mineral found largely in the extracellular fluids FUNCTIONS A constituents of gastric juice as hydrochloric acid (essential in maintaining acid-base balance ) Maintenance of blood pH

17. D eficiencies Loss of appetite Muscle weakness Muscle cramps

18. Food sources: Readily absorbed and excreted in the urine and sweat. Table salt Meats and sea foods Milk and eggs

19. Phosphorus - P An essential mineral that comprises 22% of the total mineral in the body.. 85% is in the bones and teeth as insoluble calcium phosphate ( apatite ). FUNCTIONS Work together with Ca For the structure of bones and teeth - Rigidity Component of nucleic acids Energy metabolism Regulate the pH of blood

20. Deficiencies: Ca deficiency like, usually with premature infants Demineralization of bone – bone loss Weakness Poor growth

21. FOOD SOURCES Present in nearly all foods Food rich in CHON, and Ca Milk Cheese Whole grain cereals Legumes Meats

22. Phosphate – also abundant in cola beverages and other soft drinks No Evidence of toxicity

23. Sodium - Na Major mineral essential to life About 50% of the body’s sodium is in extracellular fluids 40% in the bones and the rest inside the cells The chief of cation in the extracellular fluids

24. Function Regulates the body fluid volume and pH Acid base balance C onduction of nerve impulses Contraction of muscles

25. Deficiencies Not common Weakness Muscles cramps Fatigue Dizziness and fainting Palpitations

26. Food sources Almost all food contain natural or added Na AHA recommended not more than 3g/day Sodium chloride – Table salt Process food

27. Excessive intake + when BP is high Heart disease Stroke Kidney damage

28. Potassium - K Major cation of intracellular fluid FUNCTION: Believe to block the ability of sodium to raise blood pressure Regulates acid- base balance and water balance Normal blood pressure

29. Deficiencies D oes not occur under the normal circumstances Occurs during vomiting , chronic diarrhea, laxative and diuretic abuse Nausea Heart failure Muscle weakness Lack of appetite

30. Food sources Widely distributed in many foods. But abundant in Nuts Whole grain Meats Fruits Excessive: tissue damage, myocardial infraction and renal failure .

31. Zinc - Zn As a cofactor in more than 100 different enzymes CHO and energy metabolism CHON synthesis Nucleic acid synthesis Acid base balance Carbon dioxide transport

32. Functions: Maintenance of taste acuity – Immune system function – development and maintenance Development of reproductive organ Important in night vision

33. D eficiencies Dermatitis Impaired wound healing Taste change Skin change Delayed sexual maturation Growth retardation During stress as much as 800ug/day lost in urine

34. Food sources Absorption enchance by Ca and fiber Meat, poultry, fish Liver Egg yolk Sea foods – oyster cereals

35. Toxicity Nausea and vomiting Fever anemia

36. Sulphur - S Minerals that is all present in all cells, especially in cartilage and keratin of the skin and hair. FUNCTIONS; as a constituent of the amino acids ( Crystine, Cysteine and methionine ) also constituent of insulin, thiamine, and biotin

37. Deficiencies: No dietary deficiency if protein intake is adequate FOOD SOURCES: All food rich in protein such as meat, milk, legumes

38. Magnesium - Mg A major mineral essential to plants and animals Component of chlorophyll in green plants FUNCTIONS : activates more than 300 enzymes Constituent of bones and teeth Important in CHON, CHO, FAT metabolism Important in neuromuscular transmission and activity.

39. Deficiencies Weakness Growth failure Behavioural disturbances Convulsions Tachycardia Nausea and vomiting

40. Food sources Whole grains Nuts and legumes Sea foods Green leafy vegetables Cocoa soybeans

41. Toxicity Hypotension Paralysis of voluntary muscles

42. Cobalt - Co A trace mineral normally present in animal tissue as an integral part of Vitamin B12 Function: Constituent of Vit. B12 Deficiencies: Only as vitamin B12 deficiency Anemia

43. Food sources Animal Food Organ and muscle meats Milk Vegetables and whole grains Toxicity: Goiter and heart failure

44. Iron - Fe Functions: Dependent with Vitamin C Constituent of haemoglobin Necessary for the prevention of nutritional anemia Plays an important role in tissue respiration

45. Deficiencies Anemia Growth retardation Easy fatigability FOOD SOURCES: Cooking in steel woks increase the iron content of food. Liver, glandular organs, lean meats, egg yolk

46. Iodine - I FUNCTIONS: Constituents of thyroid hormones Necessary for the growth development and reproduction Plays an important role in fatal brain development

47. Deficiencies Goiter Cretinism – mental retardation characterized by arrested physical and mental development, dry skin, chubby hands, large protruding tongue and abdomen. Cabbage a nd cabbage family and cassava - goitrogens

48. Food sources Sea foods – richest natural sources Iodized salt - reliable source

49. Fluoride - F Structure of teeth enamel ( Fluorapatite ) – important for hardening tooth enamel and bone matrix. FUNCTION: Reduce or preventing dental caries especially in growing children DEFICIENCIES: Dental caries

50. Food source Drinking water Tea Seafood and marine fish