Basic nutritisssssssssssssssssson 4&5.ppt

n

1. 1
Basic Nutrition
Lecture 4 & 5
Dr. FouadA Hassan
Tools for Healthy Diet

2. 2
Tools for Healthy Diet

3. 3
Dietary Guidelines
Food Labels
Food Guide Pyramid
A variety of tools have been developed to help make
kinds of choices. Three of them, standardized food
labels, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and
My Pyramid.

4. Fast guidelines for healthy eating
4
In abbreviation:
Eatavarietyoffoods
Usesugarinmoderation
Uselessfat
Usesaltinmoderation
Eatmorefiber

5. 5
Nutrition Advice
Who can you trust?
Trustworthy experts
Government sources of information are trustworthy.
Professional organizations provide reliable nutrition
information.

6. 6
Can I Trust the Media to Deliver Nutrition
News?
Newsmediaoftenreportideasbeforetheyhavebeen
fullytested.
Reporters,whomaylackasciencebackground,may
misunderstandcomplexscientificprinciples.
Sometimesscientistsreporttheirfindingsbeforetheyare
subjecttoseriousscrutiny.

7. 7
Donottakeactionsbasedonthefindingsofsinglestudy.
Takescienceworksbytheaccumulationofevidenceand
byconsensus.
Sometimesthemediasensationalizesevenconfirmed
findings.

Wherefore


8. 8
Reading Nutrition News with an
Educated Eye
Aneducatedconsumerofnutritioninformationkeeps
thefollowinginmind:
Thestudybeingdescribedshouldbepublishedina
peer-reviewedjournal.
Thenewsreportshouldstatethepurposeofthestudy,
describetheresearchmethodsandshouldnotethe
limitationsofthestudy.

9. 9
Reliable sources of Nutrition Information
ProfessionalhealthassociationsliketheDietitians
Governmentorganizations
Volunteeragencies
Studiesthatpublishedinhighimpactfactorjournals
Reliablewebsitesoforganizationsornutritioninstitutes

10. 10
Who is responsible for the site?
Do the names and credentials of information providers
appear?
Are links with other reliable information sites provided?
Is the site regularly updated?
Is the site selling a product or service?
Does the site charge a fee to gain access to it?
Internet Site Reliable?

11. 11
Reliable websites for nutrition
information
http://www.dietitians.ca/
http://www.eatright.org/Public/
http://www.healthcanada.gc.ca
http://www.navigator.tufts.edu/
http://www.quackwatch.org/
http://www.supplementwatch.com/supatoz/
http://www.lesliebeck.com/index.php

12. 12

13. 13
Basic Nutrition
Water
Lecture 5
Dr. FouadA Hassan

14. 14
Waterisanessentialnutrientsandelixiroflife.Without
water,apersoncannotsurviveformorethanaboutfour
days.Thewatermoleculeismadeupofonlyoneoxygen
andtwohydrogenatoms,butgramforgram,humans
needmorewaterthantheydocarbohydrates,fat,or
protein.
Alackofwaterwillcausehealthsymptomsfasterthan
alackofanyothernutrient.Evenminorchangesinthe
amountanddistributionofbodywatercanbelife-
threatening.
What is water?

15. 15
Forexample,days,andevenweeks,withouttakingin
somevitaminsandmineralswillnotcausedeficiency
symptoms,butanhourofexerciseinhot,humidweather
canleadtonausea,dizziness,weakness,andother
symptomsthatareduetolackofwater.Ifthewater
that’slostduringexerciseisnotreplaced,itcanbealife-
threateningsituation.
Losingof2%ofbodywatercancausethirst….
Losingof10%cancausealife-threatening…..
Losingof20-22%causedeath…..
Importance of water?

16. 16
Component Man
Water 60%
Lipid 19%
Protein 15%
Carbohydrate 0.7%
Mineral 5%
Body composition at the molecular level
of 70 kg reference man

17. 17
Location of water
Waterhas2types:
Intracellularfluidthatcanbefoundinsidethecell
Extracellularfluidthatcanbefoundoutsidethecell
Aboutathirdofthewaterinthebodyisextracellular
fluid.Aboutthree-fourthsofthisisfluidliesbetweencells
andiscalledinterstitialfluidandtherestiswaterin
bloodplasma,lymph,andcavities,suchastheinsidethe
gastrointestinaltract,eyes,joints,andspinalcord.

18. 18

19. 19
Water Intake

20. 20
Water Intake
Waterinthebodycomesfromwaterinthedietoras
wateritselfandotherfluidsalsofromsolidfood.
Forexample:
Low-fatmilkis90%water,
Applesareabout85%water,
Roastbeefisabout50%water.

21. 21
Examples…

22. 22
Water Losses

23. 23
Balancing of water in the body
Watercannotbestoredinthebody.Therefore,forthe
bodytomaintainadequatewater,intakeandexcretion
mustbebalanced.Waterintakeisstimulatedbythirst
butisnotpreciselyregulated.
Waterlossismorepreciselyregulatedbythekidneys,
whichcanincreaseordecreaseurinarylosses.Italsolost
insweat.Theamountofwaterlostviasweatis
extremelyvariabledependingonenvironmentalconditions
(temperature,humidity,windspeed,radiantheat),
clothing,exerciseintensity,levelofphysicalandtraining.

24. 24
Anindividualdoinglightworkatatemperatureofabout
84°F(29°C)willloseabout2to3Lofsweat/day.
Activeexerciseinahotenvironmentcancausewater
lossesinsweattobeashighas2to4Linanhour.
Clothingthatallowssweattoevaporatewillhelpkeepthe
bodycoolandwilldecreasesweatlosses.
Examples

25. 25
Dehydration
Whenwaterlossesexceedwaterintake,dehydration
results.Dehydrationsevereenoughtocauseclinical
symptomscanoccurmorerapidlythananyothernutrient
deficiency.
Earlysymptomsofdehydrationinclude:
Headache,fatigue,lossofappetite,dryeyesand
mouth,concentratedurine,whichisdarkincolor.

26. 26
Urine as hydration indicator

27. 27
States of Losing
water
Water & Diseases

28. 28
Diarrhea
Isstatecausedbytypeofbacteria“Viberioquma”that
secretespoisonswhichformbarrier;thuspreventof
waterabsorptionandcausedehydration.
Diarrheadepletesthebodyofwaterandelectrolytes.
Whendehydrationbecomessevere,itcancause
collapseofbloodcirculationandresultindeath.
Childrenaremorelikelythanadultstodiefromdiarrhea
becausetheybecomedehydratedmorequickly.
Diarrheakillsabout2millionchildrenaroundtheworld
everyyear(WHO).

29. 29
Torestorehealthwhenachildhasdiarrhea,thelostfluid
mustbereplacednotonlybywaterbutalsobythe
electrolytes.
OralRehydrationSolutions(ORS)aremixturesof
sugar,electrolytes,andwater,whichisthebestchoicesto
replacethelostwaterandelectrolytesintheright
proportions,thistreatmentiseffectivefor90to95%of
patientswhosufferfromacutewaterydiarrhea.
Mortalityrateforchildrensufferingfromacutediarrhea
hasbeencutbymorethanhalfasaresultoftheadoption
ofORSbyWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).
Treating of Diarrhea

30. 30
Cholera
Isadiseasethatcausedbybacteriacalled“Vibriocholera”
ithasbeengenerallybelievedthatwaterwasthemain
vehiclefortransmission,butanincreasingnumberofcases
havebeenassociatedwithfood.Choleraecausetheacute
decreaseintheamountofwaterlostthatisproducedin
manydiarrheas,soit’smoredangerthandiarrhea.
Vibriocholeraeisalsoaleadingcauseofdiarrhea
accountingfor7millioncasesandmorethan100,000
deaths/yr.
ORSmustbeusedtocompensatelosingofwater.