Basic Principles of Electricity

Basic Principles of Electricity

1. Basic Principles of Electricity Jayson Magnaye -Jeric Cantillana-Althea Enriquez- Analyn Pilea - Ailyn Reformado - Jamaica Alba-Kim Borromeo- Arvil Villanueva

2. ELECTRICITY A form of energy generated by friction, induction or chemical change having magnetic, chemical and radiant effect.

3. Electron- Negative charge Proton- Positive charge Neutron- Not electrically charged

4. TWO TYPES OF ELECTRICITY Static Electricity- Usually caused by frictions Current Electricity -   P roduced by moving electrons

5. DEFINITION OF TERMS ION a term applied to an atom or molecule that is electrically charged, but not electrically balanced. IONS occur when the electrons in the atom is loosened through friction by another atom. Loss or gain of one or more electrons.

6. Alessandro Volta – Italian Scientist, discovered the Flow of Electrons VOLT OR VOLTAGE – electrical pressure that causes the electrons to move through a conductor (wire). Voltage is the electromotive force. High voltage = more force to flow VOLTAGE

7. AMPERE Andre M. Ampere Standard unit use in measuring the strength of an electric current. The amount of current flow , sent by one volt through the resistance of one Ohm.

8. WATT James Watt – Scottish inventor Is the rate or measure of power used or consumed . It represents the equivalent heat volts and ampere consumed by lights, appliances, or motors. Commonly labelled on light bulbs or appliances, giving us the idea of what kind of circuit would be installed.

9. CIRCUIT Refers to the wire installations that supply current to lights and convenient outlets.

10. RESISTANCE Friction or opposition to the flow of current by the wires and transformers. For direct current (DC electricity) resistance is used for friction, and Impedance for alternating current (AC electricity).

11. CURRENT The intensity of the flow of electrons in a conductor.

12. POWER The total measure of electrical energy consumed in a circuit.

13. Conductors and Insulators

14. Conductors Material with low resistance, and thus it permits the flow of current

15. Insulators Material with high resistance; hence, it does not permit the flow of electric current

16. Sources of Electricity

17. Instrument to Measure Current An ammeter is an instrument used for measuring electric current .

18. Classification of Electric Current Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC)

19. Direct Current The flow of electron in a conductor is in one direction only.

20. Alternating Current The flow of electron changes alternately. At one moment it goes positive, and then it goes negative, and so on as cycle.

21. Ohm’s Law

22. George Simoun Ohm German physicist He discovered that voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit have definite relationship with one another.

23. Ohm’s Law means two things: Current (I) is directly proportional to voltage (E) Current (I) is inversely proportional to resistance (R)

24. It can be expressed in the following formula: Volts = Ampere x Ohm or E =I x R Where: E – Applied Voltage in volts I – Electron Current in amperes R – Circuit Resistance in ohms

25. The Electric Circuit

26. The electric circuit is the complete flow of current through a conductor or path from the source to the load and back to the source.

27. Parts of an Electric Circuit: Source Load Control/Switch Path

28. Source Provides electrical power to the circuit.

29. Load An electric device, usually in appliance, lights, or any equipment, connected to the circuits that consume power or electricity.

30. Control/Switch An electrical device that turns the current ON and OFF

31. Circuit Connection

32. Series Circuit Loads are connected end to end along the path of current in a single closed loop.

33. RULE 1: When two or more resistors are connected in series, the total resistance is the sum of ll the resistance in the circuit.

34. RULE 2: The total voltage in series circuit is the sum of all individual voltage drops of the loads.

35. RULE 3: The current flowing in a series circuit is the same or constant.

36. RULE 4: The total power in series circuit is the sum of the individual power consumption of each in the circuit.

37. Parallel Circuit Loads are connected side by side across the path of current.

38. RULE 1: The resistance in a parallel circuit is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of all the branches.

39. RULE 2: The voltage in parallel circuit is always equal to the voltage drop in each load.

40. RULE 3: The current in parallel circuit is distributed in every branch. The total current is the sum of the currents of each branch

41. RULE 4: The total power in the circuit is the sum of all the power consumed by each branch.

42. Complex Circuit (Series-Parallel Combination) It is used when it is necessary to provide the various amounts of current and voltage at different points of the circuit using only one source of supply voltage.

43. R Rt = -------- N

44. Conditions of a Short Circuit

45. Short Circuit – when uninsulted conductors from line 1 and 2 of a circuit come into contact with each other without passing any load or when the resistance of the load becomes unnecessarily low.

46. Open Circuit – when the flow of the current is incomplete or when the circuit is swithed OFF.

47. Closed Circuit – when there is a complete flow in the circuit or when the circuit is switched ON.

48. Grounded Circuit – when one uninsulated conductor in a circuit touches metal part of the appliance.

49. Overload Circuit – when the total current flowing in the circuit is more than the current capacity or ampacity or the branch circuit.

50. Common or Standard Wiring Specification

51. Wire Sizes/Cable For lightning fixtures and circuit - # 14 AWG Circuit for convenience outlets - # 12 AWG Cable for service entrance - # 8 AWG

52. Circuits Protection Device Fuses: 60 Amp to 100 Amp – Main Fuse 20 Amp – lightning circuit 30 Amp – convenience outlets

53. Circuit Breakers: Amp – 100 Amp – Main breaker Branch Circuits: 15 Amp – for lightning fixtures 20 Amp – for convenience outlets 30 Amp – Heavy duty appliance