Basics in Computer Science basics cse.pptx

Ppt

1. Basics in Computer Science

2. Computer A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.

3. History Charles Babbage originated the concept of a programmable computer considered as "father of the computer“. The first computer is generally considered to be the "Z3," an early computer designed by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1941. It was the world's first fully functional programmable digital computer.

4. Generations of Computer 1 st Generation of computers Vacuum Tubes (1946 – 1954) 2 nd Generation of computers Transistors (1954 – 1964) 3 rd Generation of computers Integrated Circuits (1964 – 1980) 4 th Generation of computers VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Chips) (1980 – till date) 5 th Generation of computers Mega Chip Memory, Artificial Intelligence (Tomorrow’s Computers)

5. Hardware and Software Hardware Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that you can touch and interact with. Software Software refers to the instructions, programs, and data that tell the hardware how to function.

6. Parts of Computer There are four main computer hardware components that includes:  I nput devices. Processing devices. Output devices. S torage devices.

7. Input Devices- Mouse

8. Input Devices- Keyboard

9. Output Devices- Printer

10. Storage Devices- Hard Drive

11. 1's and 0's All the information that moves through your computer is based on 2 commands. The two commands are ON and OFF. They are symbolized by 1's and 0's . The only information the computer can understand is ON (1) and OFF (0). The millions of combinations of those two commands given in series are what makes the computer work.

12. Byte Size Chart

13. Parts inside a Computer Central Hub : The motherboard acts as the central communication hub for all components of the computer system. Power Distribution : The motherboard distributes power from the power supply unit (PSU) to all other components Data Transfer : It facilitates data transfer between components such as the CPU, RAM (Random Access Memory), storage devices (like hard drives and SSDs), and peripherals (such as graphics cards, network cards, and USB devices ).

14. Parts inside a Computer The CPU executes instructions from programs, performing basic arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.

15. Parts inside a Computer The primary purpose of a heatsink is to draw heat away from the CPU and dissipate it into the surrounding air. This helps to keep the processor at a safe operating temperature, preventing overheating and maintaining optimal performance.

16. Parts inside a Computer RAM (Random Access Memory) is a crucial component of a computer system, acting as the system's short-term memory. It temporarily stores data that the CPU needs to access quickly while performing tasks.

17. Parts inside a Computer A hard drive, also known as a hard disk drive (HDD), is a data storage device used to store and retrieve digital information using magnetic storage. They are non-volatile, meaning they retain data even when powered off.

18. Parts inside a Computer Expansion slots enable the addition of new hardware components such as graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, storage controllers, and more, allowing for system customization and upgrades.

19. Parts inside a Computer Power Conversion: The PSU converts alternating current (AC) from the wall outlet into direct current (DC) used by computer components. Power Distribution: It distributes power to the motherboard, CPU, storage devices, and other peripherals, ensuring each component receives the correct voltage and current.

20. Processing of a Computer Process Fetching - From RAM Decoding - Decide action Executing - Execute action Storing - Store results

21. Ports of a Computer

22. Setting up a Computer Computer Components : Desktop or Laptop : Choose a computer system that meets your needs (e.g., processing power, storage capacity). Monitor : Select a monitor with appropriate size and resolution. Keyboard and Mouse : Opt for wired or wireless peripherals based on preference. Speakers or Headphones : Optional for audio output, depending on usage.

23. Setting up a Computer Cables and Connections : Power Cables : Power cords are used for both the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and monitor. Video Cables : VGA (Video Graphics Array) , HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) , cables to connect the monitor to the computer. Peripheral Cables : USB (Universal Serial Bus) cables for connecting keyboard, mouse, and other peripherals.

24. Setting up a Computer Networking : Ethernet Cable : If using a wired connection, have an Ethernet cable to connect to modem or router. Wi-Fi Adapter : For wireless connectivity, ensure your computer should have a built-in Wi-Fi adapter/receiver or need a external one.

25. Processing of a Computer CPU Instruction Execution : The CPU executes instructions from programs stored in memory. Control Unit (CU) : It tells the memory, ALU, and I/O devices how to respond to the instructions sent to the processor. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) : Performs arithmetic and logical operations, such as addition, subtraction, comparison, and bitwise operations.

26. Types of Software

27. Operating System An operating system (OS) is a software system that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between users and the computer hardware, enabling users to interact with the system and run applications efficiently.

28. Types of Operating System Batch Operating System : -Processes jobs in batches without user interaction, typical in early mainframe systems for efficient resource use . Example : IBM OS/360 Time-Sharing Operating System : -Allows multiple users to interact with the computer concurrently, sharing CPU time and resources, common in multi-user systems . Example: Unix/Linux Distributed Operating System : Manages a group of independent computers and presents them as a single system, facilitating distributed computing and resource sharing . Example: Amoeba

29. Types of Operating System Network Operating System (NOS) : -Provides network services such as file sharing, printer sharing, and access control in a networked environment, enhancing collaboration and resource sharing . Example : Windows Server Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) : -Designed to process data and respond to events within strict time constraints, crucial for applications where timing predictability is critical, such as industrial automation and real-time monitoring . Example: VxWorks

30. Functions of Operating System

31. It is a software intermediary that allows two applications to talk to each other . It is the messenger that delivers your request to the provider that you're requesting it from and then delivers the response back to you. Application Programming Interface

32. Application Programming Interface Order items Order Placed Get items Order served

33. Application Programming Interface

34. Creating a program Create Edit Save Word API

35. Microsoft Word Word Processing is perhaps the most common and comparatively easier application to work on any computer. A word processor lets you to change words or phrases, to move whole sections of text from one place to another, store blocks of text, align margins all in few seconds .. MS Word is an advanced word processing product by Microsoft company. The powerful features of Word will allow you to create even graphic based multicolumn publications such as Fliers, News letters and Internet web pages.

36. Getting Started Click the Start button.

37. Getting Started Click the All Programs option from the menu

38. Getting Started Search for Microsoft Office from the submenu and click it.

39. Getting Started Open word. You may choose a blank document, or browse a template that’s right for you. Blank or unformatted documents are best to use at this stage of instruction. The blue column on the left shows your most recent saved files. You may select one of these to resume work on a saved document.

40. Explore Window

41. Quick Access Toolbar

42. Ribbon Ribbon contains commands organized in three components: Tabs : These appear across the top of the Ribbon and contain groups of related commands. Home, Insert, Page Layout are examples of ribbon tabs. Groups : They organize related commands; each group name appears below the group on the Ribbon. For example, group of commands related to fonts or group of commands related to alignment, etc. Commands : Commands appear within each group as mentioned above.

43. Backstage view Getting to the Backstage View is easy: Just click the  File tab , located in the upper-left corner of the Word Ribbon.

44. Backstage view

45. Backstage view-First Column S.No Description Save If an existing document is opened, it will be saved as is, otherwise it will display a dialog box asking for the document name . Save As A dialogue box will be displayed asking for document name and document type, by default it will save in word 2010 format with extension  . docx . Open This option is used to open an existing word document. Close This option is used to close an open document. Recent This option lists down all the recently opened documents New This option is used to open a new document. Print This option is used to print an open document.

46. Backstage view-First Column S.No Description Save & Send This option will save an open document and will display options to send the document using email, etc. Help This option is used to get the required help about Word 2010. Options This option is used to set various option related to Word 2010. Exit Use this option to close the document and exit.

47. Backstage view-Second Column Compatibility Mode − If the document is not a native Word 2007/2010 document, a Convert button appears here, enabling you to easily update its format. Otherwise, this category does not appear. Permissions − You can use this option to protect your word document. You can set a password so that nobody can open your document, or you can lock the document so that nobody can edit your document .\

48. Backstage view-Second Column Prepare for Sharing − This section highlights important information you should know about your document before you send it to others, such as a record of the edits you made as you developed the document. Versions − If the document has been saved several times, you may be able to access the previous versions of it from this section .

49. Backstage view-Third Column When you click the  Info  option available in the first column, it displays various properties in the third column of the backstage view. These properties include the document size, the number of pages in the document, the total number of words in the document, the name of the author etc

50. Entering text

51. Entering text

52. Move Around-Mouse You can easily move the insertion point by clicking in your text anywhere on the screen or Scrollbars.

53. Move Around-Keyboard Keystroke Where the Insertion Point Moves → Forward one character ← Back one character ↑ Up one line ↓ Down one line

54. Move Around-Keyboard Keystroke Where the Insertion Point Moves PageUp To the previous screen PageDown To the next screen Home To the beginning of the current line End To the end of the current line

55. Saving New Document  Click the File tab and select the Save As option.

56. Saving New Document Select a folder where you will like to save the document, Enter the file name which you want to give to your document and Select the Save As option, by default it is the . docx   format.  Finally, click on the Save button and your document will be saved with the entered name in the selected folder.

57. Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science focused on creating systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. These tasks include learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, language understanding, and interaction.

58. MACHINE LEARNING Machine learning enables a machine to automatically learn from data, improve performance from experiences, and predict things without being explicitly programmed . With the help of sample historical data, which is known as  training data , machine learning algorithms build a  mathematical model  that helps in making predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed.

59. PROCESS OF MACHINE LEARNING

60. MACHINE LEARNING- TYPES

61. METAVERSE The Metaverse is a hypothesized iteration of the internet, supporting persistent online 3-D virtual environments through conventional personal computing, as well as virtual and augmented reality headsets.  This virtual space will be accessible through  virtual reality   headsets, augmented reality glasses, smartphones, PCs, and game consoles .  

62. Horizon Home A social platform to help people create and interact with each other in the metaverse to use with its Oculus VR headsets. Users would be able, through their avatars, to flit between virtual worlds. Avatar is a living 3D representation of ourselves that exhibits expressions and gestures.

63. Horizon Home We’ll be able to invite your friends to join you in Horizon Home, where you can hang out, watch videos, and jump into games and apps together.

64. Horizon Home A collaboration experience where people come together to meet in a virtual room and feel that sense of presence together. It helps them communicate, collaborate, and connect while remote .

65. Horizon Home It also allow us to create our own environment or choose the suitable one where we can invite people.

66. METAVERSE- Horizon Workrooms

67. Horizon Workrooms It lets people come together to work in the same virtual room, regardless of physical distance. The features are like mixed-reality desk and keyboard tracking, hand tracking, video conferencing integration and the new Oculus Avatars.

68. Horizon Workrooms- A virtual whiteboard as big as your ideas

69. Horizon Workrooms- A virtual whiteboard as big as your ideas

70. Horizon Workrooms- Meeting notes, file sharing, calendar integration and chat

71. Horizon Workrooms- Join in VR or by video call