Batteries and Chemical effects of Electricity PPT.pptx

This is a class presentation in which the basics Introduction of batteries and some Chemical Effects of Electricity are discussed more over the EMF and types of batteries are also written.

1. Basic Electrical & Electronics Batteries In-charge: Engr. Ali Asghar Presented by: 24017786-012: Syed Asjid Ali 24017786-013: Moeez Raza U N I V E R S I T Y O F G U J R A T , H A F I Z H A Y A T C A M P U S

2. Introduction to Batteries A device that converts chemical energy to electricity. The battery is now over 200 years old and batteries are found almost everywhere in consumer and industrial products. In the 1970s the 1.5V Manganese battery was gradually replaced by the Alkaline battery . Silver Oxide batteries were gradually introduced in the 1960s and are still preferred. If an application requires small size and high power then the 1.5V battery is used. If longer lifetime is required then the 3 to 3.6V battery is used. Categories : i - Primary Battery ii- Secondary Battery

3. Evolution of Batteries

4. Some Chemical Effects of Electricity A material must contain charged particles to conduct electricity. Conductors: Solids: Electrons carry current (e.g., Copper, Aluminium , Iron). Liquids & Gases: Ions carry current (e.g., H⁺, Cu²⁺, OH⁻). Distilled Water = Poor Conductor (No ions). Salt Water = Good Conductor (Contains ions).

5. Some Chemical Effects of Electricity  Electrolysis : Decomposition of a liquid compound by electricity.  Electrolyte : A compound that undergoes electrolysis (e.g., Salt Water, CuSO ₄).  Electrodes : Anode (+) → Loses material.
Cathode (-) → Gains material.  Applications : Electroplating : Applying a thin metal coat. Uses : Tin-plating steel, silver-plating nickel alloys, chromium-plating steel.

6. EMF  Electromotive Force (E.M.F.) The potential difference ( p.d .) between cell terminals when no load is connected. Measured using a high-resistance voltmeter in parallel.  Battery : A combination of multiple cells. Series Connection : Total E.M.F. = Sum of individual cell E.M.F.sTotal Internal Resistance = Sum of individual internal resistances Parallel Connection : Total E.M.F. = E.M.F. of a single cell (if all cells are identical)Total Internal Resistance = Internal Resistance of one cell

7. Primary Batteries Non-rechargeable batteries ; chemical reactions are irreversible . Once discharged, cannot be reused. Examples : Dry Cell (Zinc-Carbon Battery): Used in flashlights, remote controls. Alkaline Battery: Longer lifespan, used in clocks, toys, and cameras. Silver Oxide Battery: Small size, used in watches and calculators.

8. Advantages 1 . Readily Available – Easily found in stores. 2 . Low Cost – Cheaper compared to rechargeable batteries. 3. Long Shelf Life – Can be stored for years without losing charge. 4. Lightweight & Compact – Ideal for small portable devices. 5. No Maintenance Required – No need for recharging or special care. Disadvantages 1. Non-Rechargeable – Cannot be reused after depletion. 2. Shorter Lifespan – Drains quickly compared to secondary batteries. 3. Environmental Hazard – Disposal contributes to electronic waste. 4. Limited Power Output – Not suitable for high-energy devices. 5. Can Leak Over Time – Chemicals may damage devices if stored improperly.

9. Secondary Batteries  Rechargeable Batteries ; chemical reactions are reversible .  Can be used multiple times after recharging.  Examples : Lead-Acid Battery: Used in cars and UPS systems. Lithium-Ion Battery: Found in smartphones, laptops, and EVs. Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Battery : Used in power tools and emergency lights. Lithium-Ion Battery Lead-Acid Battery

10. Advantages 1 . Rechargeable – Can be used multiple times, reducing waste. 2 . Cost-Effective – Long-term savings compared to primary batteries.
3. Higher Energy Output – Suitable for high-power devices.
4. Eco-Friendly – Reduces battery waste and environmental impact.
5. Variety of Applications – Used in smartphones, Evs , laptops, and more. Disadvantages 1. Higher Initial Cost – More expensive than primary batteries.
2. Limited Charge Cycles – Performance degrades over multiple recharges.
3. Charging Time – Requires time to recharge before reuse.
4. Risk of Overheating – Can overheat and even explode if mishandled.
5. Heavy & Bulky – Some secondary batteries (e.g., lead-acid) are large and heavy.

11. Fuel Cell Electrochemical energy conversion device , like a battery but with continuous fuel supply. Uses hydrogen (anode) and oxygen (cathode) to produce electricity. Unlike batteries, electrodes remain unchanged and act as catalysts. Operation : Reactants (Hydrogen & Oxygen) flow in, and reaction products (Water Vapor) flow out. Continuous long-term operation is possible with fuel supply.

12. Key Advantages & Applications  Key Advantages: ✅ High Efficiency – Direct conversion to electricity with minimal waste.
✅ Emission-Free – Produces only water vapor with pure hydrogen.
✅ Long-Term Operation – Works as long as fuel is supplied.
✅ Compact & Lightweight – No moving parts, ideal for remote use.  Applications :
• Spacecraft & Satellites – Reliable power source.
• Remote Weather Stations – Operates in isolated areas.
• Military Use – Silent, efficient power supply.
• Fuel Cell Vehicles – Future alternative to internal combustion engines.

13. Why We Should Say Goodbye to Batteries & Use Renewable Energy  Environmental Impact : Battery production requires mining of lithium, cobalt, and nickel, harming ecosystems.  Limited Lifespan: Batteries degrade over time, leading to frequent replacements and e-waste.  Toxic Waste : Disposal of used batteries contributes to pollution.  High Cost : Advanced batteries (like lithium-ion) are expensive and require rare materials.  Dependency on Non-Renewable Resources : Most batteries rely on fossil fuels for production and charging.

14. Sustainable Alternatives – Renewable Energy Sources 1️⃣ Solar Energy – Powers cars, homes, and even spaceships using photovoltaic cells.
2️⃣ Wind Power – Clean energy harnessed from wind turbines, but location-dependent.
3️⃣ Hydroelectricity – Uses the energy of water stored in dams to generate electricity.
4️⃣ Tidal Power – Converts the natural motion of tides into usable energy.
5️⃣ Geothermal Energy – Utilizes Earth’s internal heat to produce electricity.

15. Final Thought No matter how advanced renewable energy becomes, we cannot overlook the importance of batteries in energy storage and daily life. Open Your Minds for Questions …. Thank You…..👍