BBA Unit. 2 – Individual behaviour.pptx

How you can inform you individually behaviour

1. Unit 2 – Individual behaviour Presented by : Neha Jain

2. Individual Behavior Individual behavior means some concrete action by a person. For instance how teacher behaves in class reflects his behavior . Human behavior (B) is a function of both person (P) and environment (E) . I.e. B= f(PXE) Human behavior a complex phenomenon as it is most difficult to define in absolute terms. An individuals behavior may change due to a change in the same environment or exposure to a different environment and different people.

3. Factors affecting Individual Behavior Personal Factors: age, gender, and marital status , education, abilities Psychological Factors: personality, perception, attitude, values, learning Environmental Factors: Economical , political, cultural values, social norms Organizational factors: Physical facilities, leadership style, reward system, Organizational structure

4. Personality  Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-physical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment - Gordon W. Allport Personality means how a person affect others and how he understands and view himself as well as the pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the person situation interaction.

5. Determinants of personality Biological factors Environmental factors Other factors Heredity Brain Physical features Family and social factors Situational factors temperament Interest Character

6. Theories of Personality Freudian Stages: Psycho analytical theory He explained three level of consciousness 1. The ID- it is the source of psychic energy and seek immediate gratification for biological or instinctual needs . Life instinct are hunger , thirst etc.. The ID would proceed unchecked to satisfy motives . As an individuals matures he learns to control ID

7. The ego : is the conscious and logical part of human personality and is associated with the reality principle while ID represents the unconscious part. The ego keeps the id in check through intellect and reason. The Super Ego : It can be best describe as conscience . It provide ego to determine what is wrong and what is right . The super ego represent societal and personal norms and serves as ethical constraint on behavior.

8. Cattell’s trait theory

9. Type A and Type B Personality

10. Perception “ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.” “Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge.“ A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

11. Factors affecting Perception

12. Perceptual error and distortion Selective Perception Projection Stereotyping Halo effect Impression Inference Attribution Perceptual Set

13. Selective Perception People differs in terms of their needs , motives , interest etc. they tend to perceive what is in accordance with their needs , motives and interest. They distort meaning so that they may fit with what they want. Perception is basically a selective process as people can see only limited amt of information in environment

14. Perceptual set Previously held beliefs about objects influencing individual's perception of similar objects. e.g. a manager may have developed a general belief that the workers are lazy, and they want to get best from the organization without putting much efforts. His subsequent perceptions will be influenced by this set. All workers are selfish

15. Attribution When people gives cause and effect explanation to the observed behavior . It is known as attribution. There is tendency for the individual to attribute their own behavior to the situation factors but explain the behavior of other by their personal dispositions

16. Stereotyping Judging people on the basis of the characteristics of the group to which they belong is called “ stereotyping” Stereotyping is tendency to assign attributes to someone solely on the basis of a category of people to which that person belongs

17. Halo effect Drawing general impression of individual on the basis of a single characteristic  It refers to the tendency of drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single trait such as intelligence , sociability or appearance . Eg . In interview candidate with vocal skills may be given higher weightage .

18. Projection It means attributing one’s own traits or characteristics to the people being judged . e.g. an individual who is himself not very energetic may see others as lazy or may explain their lack of achievement as resulting from their unwillingness to work

19. Impression People often form impression of other on first sight . Even before know any of their personality traits. since first impression evaluation is not based on adequate information, it may not be true reflection of peoples being perceived. This can be corrected by more frequent interaction, though erasing of first impression evaluation is not that easy.

20. inference There is a tendency on the part of some people to judge others on limited information . Eg an employee might sitting at his desk through out working hours without doing anything , it may be inferred that he is sincere towards his duties.

21. MOTIVATION Motivation is defined as the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goal-directed behaviour . It is defined as a driving force that intiates and direct the behaviour . It is a kind of internal energy which drives a person to do some thing in order to achieve some thing

22. Process of Motivation

23. Theories of Motivation Maslow hierarchy of needs Mcgregor’s Theory X and Y Herberg’s Two factor theory Vroom’s Expectancy theory

24. Maslow hierarchy of needs

25. Mcgregor’s theory X and Y

26. Vrooms Expectancy Theory

27. LEARNING Learning is the change in behavior through education and training , practice and experience. According to S. P Robbines Learning is any permanent change in the behavior of a person that occurs as result of experience. Learning is a change and modification in behavior . The acquisition of knowledge skills, values and attitude. Learning is an acquisition of habits, knowledge and attitude. It involves new ways of doing things and it operates in an individual’s attempts to overcome obstacles or to adjust to new situations. It represents progressive change in behavior. It enables him to satisfy interests to attain goals

28. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING Change In Behavior Change In Behavior Is Relatively Permanent Continuous Life Long Process Universal Process Purposive & Goal Oriented Involves Reconstruction Of Experience It A Product Of Activity It Is Transferable From One Situation To Other Not Necessary Imply Improvement Not Necessarily Development In Right Direction Brings Desirable Change In Behavior

29. Theories of learning Classical conditioning theory Operant theory Social behavior Cognitive theory

30. Classical conditioning theory It deals with the association of one event with other desired event resulting in a desired behavior or learning. Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment on a dog to study the relation between the dog’s salivation and the ringing of bell.

31. Operant theory SKINNER'S OPERANT CONDITIONING THEORY OF LEARNING. Defined as behavior that produce effect. Operant conditioning is based on the work of B.F skinner who advocate that individuals emit response that are rewarded and will not emit responses that are either not rewarded or are punished.

32. Cognitive theory Given by Tolman . Cognition refers to an individual’s idea thought , knowledge , interpretations, understanding etc about himself and his environment. The cognitive theory recognize the role of an organism in receiving , memorizing , retrieving and interpreting the stimulus and reacting to it.

33. Social learning It is the learning achieved through the reciprocal interaction between people , behavior and their environment. It also emphasizes that people acquire new behavior by observing and imitating others in social setting People learn through observation and direct experience Modeling: through modeling people acquire behavior by directly observing and imitating others

34. Process of social learning Attention Process Motor Reproduction Process Reinforcement Process Retention Process