Behavior therapies and different techniques

Theories of behavior therapies and other therapies related to behaviorism. In this presentation people will learn about theories of behavior therapy

1. BEHAVIOUR THERAPIES AAMNA ZUBERI

2. Three Main Versions Of Behavioral Approaches 1). Classical Conditioning (Respondent Learning) Emphasizes on the association of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

3. BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES 2). Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner Functional Analysis : focus on describing and explaining functional relationships among stimuli, responses, and consequences 3). Social-Cognitive (Cognitive-Behavioral) Theories a). Albert Bandura Observational Learning Self-Efficacy

4. b). Walter Mischel Cognitive Social Learning Person Variables Competencies, Encoding Strategies and Personal Construct, Expectancies, Subjective Value, Self-Regulatory Systems and Plans c). Aron Beck Cognitive Theory of Depression

5. d). Seligman et al. Attribution (Habitual Explanations ) e). Albert Ellis Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) Irrational Beliefs : “should” statement, unrealistically high standards

6. BEHAVIOR THERAPY GOALS OF THERPAY Aimed at modifying overt, maladaptive behaviors, as well as the cognitions, physical changes, & emotions that accompany overt behavior. Addresses client’s current problems by dealing with the contemporary environmental forces, learned habits, and cognitive factors that maintain them. Experimental evaluation of treatment.

7. BEHAVIOR THERAPY DEFINING PROBLEMS BEHAVIORALLY APPLICATION OF STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHODS BY BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES ( TRAUX; 2002) OBSERVING A PHENOMENA Assess client’s problem through observation, interview and testing Identify the target problem Establish a baseline level of target behavior

8. BEHAVIOR THERAPY DEVELOP HYPOTHESIS TO EXPLAIN PHENOMENA Functional analysis of target behavior to determine the causal or influential factors Event Behavior Consequence Establish specific behavioral goals for treatment Planning interventions to alter behavior in preferred manner

9. BEHAVIOR THERAPY TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS THROUGH EXPERIMENTATION Implement intervention as planned OBSERVING THE OUTCOME OF THE TEST Collect data on changes in target behavior Compare data collected during or after treatment to baseline data Compare data to goals

10. BEHAVIOR THERAPY REVISING HYPOTHESES Modify treatment plan as suggested to observed outcomes Restart scientific process with revised hypotheses

11. Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION EXPOSURE TECHNIQUES ASSERTIVENESS TRAINING

12. Systematic Desensitization Joseph Wolpe (1958) Rationale : Reciprocal Inhibition Responses incompatible with anxiety Deep muscle relaxation (Progressive relaxation techniques) Combination of 1). Counter-conditioning & 2). Extinction

13. Procedures of SD 1) Diagnosis/Evaluation history taking, behavioral inventory, etc. 2) Hierarchy C onstruction 3) Teaching Anxiety-Inhibiting Responses progressive relaxation training/relaxation exercises/audios, etc. 4) Conducting Therapy imagery ( imagination training) in-vivo

14. Exposure Techniques Exposed to the most anxiety-provoking stimulus for an extended period of time Rationale : Extinction CLIENT EXPOSED TO ANXIETY INDUCING STIMULI GRADUALLY (GRADED) OR ALL AT ONCE. TWO TYPES OF EXPOSURES IMAGINAL EXPOSURE (IMPLOSION) IN VIVO EXPOSURE (FLOODING)

15. ASSERTIVENESS TRAINING TARGETS CLIENT’S SOCIAL ANXIETIES Appropriate expression of feeling in ways that do not infringe upon the rights of others INCLUDES ELEMENTS OF EXPOSURE THERAPY OR SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION 1). Teach clients how to express themselves appropriately 2). Eliminate cognitive obstacles to clear self-expression

16. Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning CONTIGENCY MANAGEMENT REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT EXTINCTION SHAPING TOKEN ECONOMY MODELING AVERSION THERAPY

17. CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION REINFORCEMENT (+ , - ) PUNISHMENT ( +, - )

18. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement(CRF) Intermittent reinforcement (Partial) 1). Ratio schedule a). Fixed ratio schedule(FR) b). Variable ratio schedule(VR) 2). Interval schedule a). Fixed interval schedule(FI) b). Fixed variable schedule(VI)

19. EXTINCTION: Removal of an expected reinforcement that results in decrease in the frequency of a behavior. S HAPING Successive approximation of target behavior. TIME OUT A special sample of extinction.

20. Token Economies A system for implementing the principles of contingency management to alter a variety of behaviors Four elements 1). Target behaviors 2). Token system 3). Back-up reinforces 4). Rules of exchange governing

21. Modeling Observational Learning (Bandura, 1969) Model Characteristics : similarity, high status, be rewarded for their actions.

22. Aversion Therapy A set of techniques in which painful or unpleasant stimuli are used to decrease the probability of unwanted behaviors. Rationale: 1). Punishment 2). Classical Conditioning

23. Biofeedback Behavioral methods used to control heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and physiological responses are known as biofeedback . Monitor & feedback apparatus meter reading, graph, or auditory signal Used to treat several clinical disorders