BINOCULAR SINGLE VISION.pptx mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

bsv

1. BINOCULAR SINGLE VISION SUBMITTED BY ASIYA BEEVI.J.S BSc.OPTOMETRY

2. DIPLOPIA Diplopia, commonly known as double vision, is a condition where a person sees two images of a single object either some or all of the time. The images may appear side by side, on top of one another, or a combination of both. Diplopia can be monocular (double vision persists when one eye is closed) or binocular (double vision disappears when one eye is closed). Causes of diplopia can include: - Refractive errors such as astigmatism Cataracts - Corneal irregularities - Cranial nerve palsies Stroke- Brain injury - Thyroid eye disease

3. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include corrective lenses, eye exercises, surgery, or treating the underlying condition causing the diplopia. If you experience sudden or persistent double vision, it is important to consult a healthcare provider.

4. SUPPRESSION Suppression in the context of vision refers to the brain's ability to ignore the visual input from one eye. This typically happens when the brain is trying to avoid double vision (diplopia) or when there is a significant difference in the quality of images between the two eyes. Common causes of suppression include: Strabismus (misalignment of the eyes) Anisometropia (significant difference in refractive power between the two eyes) Amblyopia (lazy eye) Suppression can lead to decreased binocular vision and depth perception, as well as potential long-term issues like amblyopia if not addressed, especially in children. Treatment often involves correcting the underlying cause, which may include glasses, patching therapy, vision therapy, or surgery. If you suspect visual suppression, consulting an eye care professional is important for proper diagnosis and management.

5. AMBLOPIYA Amblyopia, often referred to as "lazy eye," is a visual development disorder where one eye fails to achieve normal visual acuity, even with prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses. It usually starts in childhood and can result from various factors that disrupt the normal development of vision in one or both eyes. Common causes include: *Strabismus*: Misalignment of the eyes, where one eye may turn in, out, up, or down. 2. *Refractive errors*: Significant differences in the refractive power between the two eyes, leading to one eye being more nearsighted, farsighted, or astigmatic than the other. 3. *Deprivation*: Conditions that obstruct vision in one eye, such as cataracts.

6. ### Diagnosis Early detection and treatment are crucial for effective management. Amblyopia is typically diagnosed through comprehensive eye exams that may include:- Visual acuity tests- Eye alignment assessments- Refraction tests ### Treatment Treatment aims to enhance visual acuity in the weaker eye and ensure proper visual development. Common approaches include:- *Corrective lenses*: Glasses or contact lenses to correct refractive errors. - *Patching*: Covering the stronger eye to force the weaker eye to work harder. - *Atropine drops*: Blurring the vision in the stronger eye to encourage use of the weaker eye. - *Vision therapy*: Exercises designed to improve coordination and focusing.

7. ### Prognosis If treated early, children with amblyopia can often achieve significant improvement in vision. Untreated amblyopia can lead to permanent vision impairment. Regular eye exams are essential for early detection and successful treatment.

8. ANOMALOUS RETINAL CORRESPONDENS (ARC) Anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC) is a condition related to binocular vision, specifically how the eyes coordinate and interpret visual information. Here are the key points: 1*Definition*: ARC occurs when the two eyes have a misalignment (strabismus), and the brain adapts by using non-corresponding retinal points to achieve some degree of binocular vision. This is an adaptation mechanism to avoid double vision (diplopia). 2. *Normal Retinal Correspondence (NRC)*: In a normally aligned visual system, corresponding retinal points (points on each retina that, when stimulated simultaneously, produce the perception of a single object) align properly, leading to a unified image from both eyes. 3. *Mechanism of ARC*: In ARC, the brain re-maps the retinal correspondence due to the misalignment of the eyes. Instead of the corresponding points on each retina being used, the brain uses new corresponding points that are not anatomically correct but provide a single visual perception, albeit often with some degree of distortion.

9. 4. *Types of ARC*: - *Harmonious ARC*: The perceived visual direction is aligned despite the eye misalignment. This means the brain has fully adapted, and the patient does not experience double vision. *Unharmonious ARC*: The brain's adaptation is incomplete, leading to some residual misalignment and possible double vision. 5. *Detection and Diagnosis*: ARC can be detected using various tests and diagnostic tools such as the synoptophore , Bagolini striated lenses, and afterimage tests. These tests help determine the correspondence of retinal points and the extent of the brain’s adaptation to the misalignment. 6. *Clinical Significance*: ARC is important to consider in the treatment of strabismus (eye misalignment). Traditional treatments, like surgery or vision therapy, aim to realign the eyes, but in patients with ARC, these interventions might not result in normal binocular vision and could lead to double vision post-treatment. 7. *Management*: Managing ARC often involves a tailored approach, considering the patient's specific visual needs and the type of ARC present. Treatment might include orthoptic exercises, prisms, or sometimes no intervention if the adaptation provides satisfactory vision without significant symptoms.