Binomial Classification

Five Kingdom Classification & Three Kingdom Classification

1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

2.   Submitted by, S. Afra Fathima, I-MSc Microbiology.

3. TOPICS : THREE KINDOM CLASSIFICATION & FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

4. THREE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

5. Ernst Haeckel , a German biologist and philosopher. He suggested a third kingdom Protista in 1866 for all unicellular organisms and some multicellular organisms into a separate kingdom Protista . Protista, be formed to include those unicellular microorganisms that are typically neither plants nor animals. These organisms, the protists, include bacteria , algae , fungi and protozoa .

6. The protists exhibit following features: They have a typical eukaryotic cell organization – and possess nucleus , mitochondria , endoplasmic reticulum , golgi bodies and in some organisms, plastids also. Locomotion takes place with the help of pseudopodia , cilia or flagella .

7. These exhibit diverse life styles-some are photosynthetic . Others are predatory or parasitic while still others are saprobes, living on decaying organic matter. This system was not accepted because it includes both prokaryotic and eukaryotic , chlorophyllous and non-chlorophyllous organisms together. Bacteria are referred to as lower protists; the others- algae , fungi and protozoa are called Higher plants .

8. FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

9. Robert H. Whittaker (1969), an American taxonomist, has proposed a five kingdom classification of living organisms on the following : Cell organization: Whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Body organization: Whether the organism is unicellular or multicellular. Mode of nutrition: Whether the organism is halophytic, absorptive & ingestive. Source of nutrition: Whether the organism is autotrophic or heterotrophic.

10. FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION:

11. KINGDOM PROTOZOA: It includes all prokaryotes – mycoplasma, rickettsiae, archaebacterial, eubacteria, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. They are basically unicellular but can be mycelial, colonial and filamentous. Nutrition is varied – parasitic, chemoautotrophic, photoautotrophic and saprobic. Some monerans have the ability to fix nitrogen. Habitat varied but also under stressful conditions of salt pans, sulphur springs, hot springs, snow, petroleum, pans, etc. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

12. KINGDOM PROTISTA: It contains unicellular and colonial eukaryotes like flagellates, diatoms, dinoflagellates, slime moulds, water moulds, sarcodines, ciliates and sporozoans. Nutritionally they can be photosynthetic, holozoic, chemoautotrophic, chemoheterotrophic, saprobic and parasitic. Reproduction is both sexual asexual but embryo stage is absent.

13. KINGDOM FUNGI: It is kingdom of achlorophyllous, spore producing, multicellular or multinucleate eukaryotic organisms having absorptive type of nutrition. Some form symbiotic association . Example: Lichens, Mycorrhiza. Food reserve is glycogen. Reproduction is both asexual and sexual but sex organs undergo retrogressive evolution. Embryo stage is absent.

14. KINGDOM PLANTAE: They are multicellular eukaryotic , photosynthetic organisms. Example: Green algae, brown algae, red algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and spermatophytes . It contains cellulose. Cell contain central vacuoles, plastids and starch as food reserve. Reproduction is both asexual and sexual. Embryo stage is present except in algae. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

15. KINGDOM animalia: It contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms having ingestive type of nutrition. Cells are devoid of walls, central vacuole and plastids. Vacuoles are small. Sexual reproduction is common mode of multiplication. An embryo stage is absent.

16. References: Michael J. Pelczar, JR., Textbook Of Microbiology, Fifth edition. https://www.embibe.com

17. THANK YOU