Bio F4 Cell Organel

1. CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

2. CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

3. CELL CONCEPT MAP
CELL
Consists of
Cel wall
(plant cell)
Cell membrane Protoplasm Vacuole
(plant cell )
of two parts
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
contains Consists of
Nuclear
membrane
Nucleoplasma
contains
Chromatin
substances /
chromosomes
Consists of
Protein
(histone)
DNA
Cell
organelles
Mitocondrion Chloroplast
(in green plant)
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough ERSmooth ER
Golgi
Body
Fluid medium,
(containing
nucleotides and
enzymes)
Grana Stroma
Ribosome
Basic unit of life. All organisms consists
of cell
Procaryote and eucaryote- 2 types
Microbodies contained in the cytoplasm,
carrying out specific functions for the cell
activities
Processing and
packaging proteins/
other molecules to
form cell secretions
Contains water,
nutrients,
mineral salts,
waste
(nitrogenous)
substances
The site for
protein synthesis
Generates
energy for
the cell
The fluid mosaic
hypothesis- the
bilayer of
phospholipid
molecules with
protein molecules in
it / over the surface
Made up from
cellulose, porous to
micro- and
macromolecules like
sugar and starch
Contains
chlorophyll
Contains
enzymes
With
ribosomes
No
ribosomes
What do you know about the cells?

4. PLANT CELL
1. What organelles can be seen
under the light microscope and
electron microscope?
If examined under light
microscope
If examined by electron
microscope
Cell
wall
vacuole
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Chloroplast
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosome
Nucleus
Nuclear
membrane
Cell
membrane
Tonoplast
Mitochondrion
Golgi
body
Nucleolus
Cell
wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell
membrane
Nucleus

5. B……………………………..
C……………………….
D……………………...
………………… E
…………………………… .F
…………… .G
H……………………………………………………….
………………… ..K
………………… L
3. Name all the parts labelled
A to L in the figure.
4.Which parts of the cell are
not found in animal cell?
5. Describe the function of the
parts labelled A, C, E, G and H
PLANT CELL
1.Describe the structure of the nucleus and its function.
2.Where are the organelles C, E and G mostly found
plant cell and animal cell? Explain ?
A:……………………………

6. STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL PLANT CELL
ELECTRON MICROGRAPH
OF A PLANT CELL
A TYPICAL PLANT CELL
Mitochond rion
Tonoplast
Nucleus
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosome
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Golgi body
Vesicle
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Cell wall

7. CELL STRUCTURE
The cell structures consist of :
2.Cell membrane :
Structure: phospholipids bilayer with
(pore and carrier ) protein molecules
Function : partially permeable,regulates
passage of substances into/ out of cell
5.Nucleus :
Structure : …………………………………
Function :…………………………………..
8.Mitochondrion
Structure :………………………………..
Function : …………………………………
11.Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure: has ……………………………
Function……………………………………
14.Smooth ER
Structure: has no………………………..
Function:………………………………….
17.Golgi body
Function………………………………….
19.Chloroplast
contains…………………………………
Function………………………………….
22.Ribosomes functions in …………
……………………………………………
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
P:
Q:
R:
Protoplasm
S:
T:
U:
P:
Q:
R:

8. STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL ANIMAL CELL
Centriol
Plasma
membrane
Mitochondrion
Vesicle
(containing
secretions)
A TYPICAL
ANIMAL CELL
ELECTRON MICROGRAPH
OF AN ANIMAL CELL
Nucleus
Ribosome
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cytoplasm
Golgi body

9. CELL ORGANELLES
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
lysosome
mitochon
drion
chloroplast
Cell wall
Smooth
ERvacuole

14. PROTEIN TRANSPORT IN CELL
NUCLEUS
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Plasma membrane
(Secretory)
vesicle
e
Transport
vesicle
Golgi body
cytoplasm
Excretion of substances produced in cell
Protein like enzymes
are synthesized in
ribosomes. Then they
are transported in the
lumen of rough
endoplasmic reticulum
(RER). At one end, the
RER , having the
proteins buds off
forming transport
vesicle.
Transport vesicle
moves to Golgi body,
unites with it and
forms part of the Golgi
body. In that way the
proteins / enzymes are
contained in the Golgi
body where it is
further processed,
modified and finally
packed off as
secretory vesicle. The
secretory vesicle
containing secretions
moves to plasma
membrane, unite with
it and thereby
eliminates the
secretions.

15. FUNCTION OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

16. GOLGI BODY
•Where is the protein
synthesised in a cell?
•What is the function of
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum?
•How is the protein
carried away from RER
to the Golgi body?
•What happen to the
protein thus produced
in Golgi body? ( the
function of Golgi
body )
•Golgi body produces
secretions like enzyme
(a protein ). How is the
secretion passed out
of the cell?
•By refering to the
diagram, describe the
process by which an
enzyme like amylase,
produced in a
pancreatic cell, is
carried out to the
duodenum for
digestion process.
FUNCTION OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND GOLGI BODY
IN SECRETION

17. CELL MEMBRANE- THE FLUID MOSAIC HYPOTHESIS
O
2
, CO
2
Glukosa
ion
(Membentuk tapak penerima
dengan protein pembawa)
The lipid
molecules
are
moving to
make the
bilayer
fluid in
nature.
Cholesterol in the membrane
helps to make the ‘lipid fluid’
more viscous in the cell
membranel
Allows small,
nonpolar and fat
soluble molecules to
pass through it eg.
water, fatty acid, gas
The carrier
and channel
proteins help
to move
polar/
charged and
bigger
molecules
through the
membrane
eg. ions,
glukose,
amino acid
Explain the
fluid – mosaic
hypothesis of
the cell
membrane.
polysaccharides Channel in
protein
molecule
Phospholipid
bilayer
Protein molecules scattered throughout and moving
in / outside the menbrane forming mosaic structure
External of the cell
Internal of the cell
cytoplasm
protein
cholesterol
Carbohydrate(sugar)
Channel protein

18. CELL MEMBRANE
cytoplasm
Plasma membrane based on fluid – mosaic
hypothesis

20. EXTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME CELL ORGANELLES

21. EXTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION OF CELL ORGANELLS

22. DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION / FREQUENCY OF
ORGANELLES IN BODY CELL
Why are there many mitochondria found in a sperm cell ?
Name other cells in animal that possess a large number of mitochondria.
Give example of cells that contain a large number of the following organelles . Explain why.
a) Chloroplast
b) Golgi body
c) Ribosome
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Mitochondria in a sperm cell
Electron Micrograph of a sperm cell
showing mitochondria in a neck region
of the cell.
head
neck
tail

23. CELL
ORGANELLES
Nucleus
Cell
membrane
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
body
Ribosome
structure function
It contains 1.………… and 2………………
surrounded by 3…………….…………………
Chromosomes consists of DNA that carries
5.………………… for the inheritance.
It controlls
23…………… of
cell
Consists of membrane system
which is very much folded in the
cytoplasm. It contains 6. …..……….
on the outer surface.
Its function is
7……………………..
……………………….
It is located on the
surface of RER . Its
function is in the
synthesis of
8……………………
in cell.
It has the same structure as
RER but contains no
9…………….. on the surface.
The function of SER is 10..
……………………… …. …….
The Fluid Mosaic Hypothesis
Bilayer of 11…………………..
which is mobile and contains
12…………………molecules
scattered throughout in it.
It is a 13…………. ….
layered structure
containing grana (that
contains 14……….……)
and 15……..…………
(which contains
16……… .) for
photosynthesis
Receives 17 ..…..
......like enzymes,
18…………………,
packing them to
form 19….………
It is bounded by two layers of
20…………… The inner membrane is
folded in the foem of stacks.
Mitochondrion is considered as
21………… of a cell because its function
is to generate energy for cell metabolism.
Active cells like
22…………. contains a lot
of mitochondrion
24 …….. Reaction takes place in the stroma
Light reaction
takes place in
the
25…………

24. CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANELLES
mitochondrionNucleus
H
J
A
G
C B
D
F E
K

25. INVESTIGATING CELL STRUCTURE
Task :
Design an experiment to investigate the structure and shape of the onion epidermal cell by refering
to the steps shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
1. Write down the hypothesis of the experiment.
2. Suggest the technique used in the experiment.
3. How are you going to record the results?
4. What is the purpose of using iodine drop in the experiment ?
Water
droplet Scale leaf of
onion
scalpel Epidermis of onion
Forceps
Epidermal
tissue
Water droplet
Mounting needle
Cover slip
slide
iodine droplet
Filter paper

26. Observing Plant Cell

27. Observing Animal Cell

28. PENYEDIAAN SLAID SEL PIPI MANUSIA
Differentiate
between
plant and
animal cell.
What is the
purpose of
using blue
methylene
solution in
the exp.?
dropper
Distilled
water
Glass
slide
Tooth
pick
Mounting
needle
Cover slip
Methylene blue Filter
paper

29. PENYEDIAAN SPESIMEN KERATAN BATANG
1.Make a labelled drawing of a cross section
and a longitudinal section through a
dicotiledonous stem and a
monocotiledonous stem.
2.List out the differences between them.

30. CELL 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE
Amoeba
Protozoa- Unicellular and
free living in fresh water.
How do these animals :
--feed
-move
-reproduce
-regulate their body
osmosis
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
1.Name all structures labelled A – J
2.State the function of each organelle
4. Name all structures from A to G
3. Describe nutrition, movement and reproductionin Amoeba
Paramecium
5. Explain water regulation, movement
and reproduction in Paramecium

31. CELL ORGANISATION
Binary fission in Amoeba sp.
Cell organisation in
multicellular organism

32. CELL ORGANISATION

33. Diagnostic test
•Name the parts labelled A,C,D,E,F and G.
•State the function of the parts labelled A,B, C,D dan G.
•Paramecium sp. is more advanced structurally than
Amoeba sp. Explain any of the special features of
Paramecium sp. that reveals it.
•Describe how a Paramecium sp.
a) reproduces
b) regulates its osmotic balance.
c) carried out digestion process.
5. Name the organism in Figure 2 .
B
Figure 1 Figure 2
6. Describe how the
locomotion,
reproduction and
nutrition in the
microorganism in
Fig.2 take place.

34. VARIETY OF CELLS

35. EPITHELIAL TISSUE SPECIALISED CELL
Egg cell ( ovum ) is being fertilised by the
sperms. Only a single sperm is capable of
penetrating the ovum.
Epithelial cells in the renal
tubules ( of kidney)
lumen
Epithelial cells form a layer of
epithelial tissue in lining of the
renal tubules.

36. HUMAN CELLS AND FUNCTION

37. SPECIALISED CELLS
Cross
section of
a dicot.
leaf
showing
various
cell types
in the leaf.

Nerve cell
( neurone)
White blood cells-
agranulosite
CARDIAC
MUCLE
Skletal
muscle
Differentiat
e between
an afferent
neurone
and an
efferent
neurone
Describe the
organisation
of cells in a
leaf.
MUSCLE
TISSUE
SMOOTH
MUSCLE
Describe the
location and function
of each muscle type.
Describe the structure and roles of each type of blood
cells
Impulse
Granulosite
Red blood
cell
BLOOD

38. TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES

39. EPITHELIAL TISSUES

40. CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Darah
Rawan

43. ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTION

44. ORGANS FUNCTION

45. ORGANS FUNCTION

46. ORGANS FUNCTION

47. PLANT TISSUES
1.Describe the important
characteristics of a
meristematic tissue
2.Name the two types of
meristematic tissue
3.Explain the importance of
the meristematic tissues in
2 above.
4.Name the vascular tissues
A and B. What are their
functions?
5.State all the important
characteistics of both
tissues A and B
Vascular
Tissue
A:……………..
B:……………..
6. Where are the tissues
A, B and the meristematic
tissue found in a plant?

48. PEMBAHAGIAN SEL MITOSIS
A
B
C

50. ORGANS AND SYSTEMS IN PLANTS

51. PLANT CELLS
p
Q
R
S
T
U
……………… 1
…………… ....
2
……………… 3
......................
4
…………… ....
5

52. Diagnostic exercises on Plant Tissues
Guard cellLeaf vein air space
P
Q
(xylem and phloem)
R
S
1. Name the
structures
P,Q,R and S.
2. Explain the structure and organisation of the
palisade and spongy mesophyll in a leaf for the
benefit of leaf function ( photosynthesis
process).
1.Explain the role played by a guard cell in a leaf.
2.How are water and food substances eg. sucrose
transported in a plant?
3.Explain how the a mesophyll cell differs from an
epidermal cell.
4.Explain how water moves from xilem in leaf vein
until it forms water vapour in air spaces of the
spongy mesophyll.

53. 1.Explain the
function of xilem
and phloem.
2.What are the
differences
between dicot.
root and dicot.
stem?
3.How does
monocot. root
differ from
monocot. stem?
4.Explain:
(i) the
components of
xilem that are
involved in
transport of
water.
(ii) the
components of
phloem that are
involved in
translocation.

54. CROSS SECTION OF PLANT ROOT
1.Identify the differences between dicot. root and monocot. root based on diagrams (a) and (b).
2.Explain the supporting tissues in plants based on the above diagrams.
3.List out the differences between dicot. and monocot. root.

55. CROSS-SECTION OF DICOT. AND MONOCOT. STEM
1.What are the differences between dicot. and monocot. stem?
2.Why is wood present in dicot. plant and not in monocot.?
3.What are the significance of paranchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and endodermis
tissues?

56. HOMEOSTASIS
What?
Maintainance of a relatively
constant internal environment
Internal
environment
The physical and chemical factors
that affect the physiology and
metabolism of the body
pH
temperature
Osmotic pressure
Glucose
concentration
comprises
Blood plasma
Tissue /
interstitial fluid
Why it must be
kept constant?
An organism may
have greater
environmntal freedom
and greater
geographycal range
Salt concentration
or salinity
Their living is not very
much restricted by
temperature
Water supply
Saline conditions
And therefore
better access to
food
water
shelter
Constant
environment
means
Constant or small
changes in the internal
environment i.e within
the tolerance of the
body
How it is achieved ?
negative feedback mechanism
What are the consequences if
there is no homeostasis or
negative feedback mechanism?
through
A mechanism that slows down a process when there is
overproduction of a substance and speeds up the
process when there is underproduction of the substance.
normal normal
Above
normal
Below
normal
increasing
decreasing
Negative feedback
Negative feedback
Chemical or
nervous
coordination
orThere is a positive
feedback, instead
Positive feedback tends to deviate further the process
from normal and finally will destroy or cause harmful
effect to the system.
Chemical /
hormonal
nervous examples
Regulation of blood glucose
by insulin and glucagon
Regulation of body temperature
during cold and hot days.
Blood pressure
Enable body cells to function
optimally

57. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

58. TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Erector muscles relax, hairs on
on skin tend to fall down/
lowered, thus trapping thin layer
of air for less insulation of body
heat.
Erector muscles contract, hairs on
skin is raised and traps thick layer of
air for insulating body heat

59. STRUCTURE OF SKIN

60. TEMPERATURE REGULATION

61. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE

62. BLOOD GLUCOSE REGULATION

63. THE PANCREAS
1. Explain the function of pancreas as an endocrine organ as well as exocrine organ.
2. Name hormones and hydrolytic enzymes produced by pancreas.
3. How are those hormones and enzymes from pancreas are transported to their target organs?

64. OSMOREGULATION
Regulation of body fluid osmotic pressure and concentration of salts (NaCl) in blood.
Normal Blood
osmotic
pressure
Normal Blood
osmotic
pressure
Increase in
osmotic pressure decrease in
osmotic pressure
decrease in
osmotic pressure
Increase in
osmotic pressure
More salt intakeLess water intake
Corrective mechanism
2.Pituitary gland releases more
ADH to kidney, causing more
reabsorption of water in kidney
3.No aldosterone released
Corrective mechanism
2.Pituitary gland releases less
ADH to kidney, causing less
reabsorption of water
3.Adrenal gland releases
aldosterone
excess intake of
water
Less salt intake
1.Less reabsorption of water
in kidney
2.More reabsorption of salts
( NaCL)
Dilute blood
concentrated blood
homeostasis

65. REGULATION OF BLOOD OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
(regulation of breathing)