Bio fertilizers , DEFINITION, TYPES ,ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.

A brief knowledge about bio fertilizers and their types .

1. BIOFERTILISERS PRESENTED BY :- NAME :- SWATI SUMAN ENROLLMENT NO. :- A35204418013

2. INTRODUCTION Bio’ means ‘life’. Therefore, by definition bio fertilizers are living organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. It refers to the use of microbes instead of chemicals to enhance the nutrition of the soil. As a result, it is also less harmful and does not cause pollution. Biofertilizers increase the nutrients of host plants when applied to their seeds, plant surface or soil by colonizing the rhizosphere of the plant. Biofertilizers are more cost-effective as compared to chemical fertilizers. This is what makes them so important to organic farming because they are completely environment-friendly.

3. Types of Biofertilizers: Types of bio fertilisers are listed below:- 1.Bacteria 2.Fungi 3.Cyanobacteria 4 . Earthworm

4. BACTERIA The live cells of bacteria are used as a bio fertilizers. These microbes contains unique gene called as Nif -Gene which makes them capable of fixing nitrogen. The nitrogen fixing bacteria works under two conditions, 1.Symbiotically 2.Free living bacteria(non-symbiotic). The symbiotic bacteria makes an association with crop plants through forming nodules in the roots. The free living bacteria do not form any association but lives freely and fix atmospheric nitrogen.

5. Some of the bacteria's are:- Rhizobium bacteria in nitrogen fixation Azospirillum Azotobacter

6. FUNGI Symbiotic associations exist between plants and fungi too. These associations are called ‘ Mycorrhizae ’. The fungus in this association absorbs phosphorus from the soil and provides it to the plant. Plants that grow with these associations also show other advantageous characteristics such as : 1.Tolerance to drought conditions and salinity. 2.Resistance to root-borne pathogens. 3.An overall increase in plant growth and development . I n return plants provides it shelter to live.

7. Cyanobacteria These are blue-green bacteria found in water and on land. They also help fix atmospheric nitrogen. Examples are  Oscillatoria , Nostoc , Anabaena  etc. The symbiotic association between the aquatic fern Azolla and  Anabaena  is very important for rice fields. In this association,  Anabaena  receives carbon and nitrogen from the plant in exchange for fixed nitrogen. This adds organic matter to the soil enhancing the fertility of rice fields . Diazotrophes are cyanobacteria useful for the generation of eco-friendly biofertilizers which are easily available and less costly. They can control the nitrogen deficiency in plants, improve the aeration of soil, water holding capacity and add vitamin B12.

8. 1.Different types of cyanobacteria's 2.Cyanobacterial bloom

9. EARTHWORMS Earthworm has traditionally been known as friends of farmers due to there basic functions :- 1.Turnover of the soil 2.production of manure by eating away the organic waste. Recently there potentiality to produce manure is commercially exploited. Growing earthworms on commercial scale to produce the manure is called as vermiculture and manure produced by it is called vermicompost. Such manure contains all major nutrients like nitrogen , phosphorous, and potassium beside many micronutrients.

10. ADVANTAGES OF BIOFERTILIZERS

11. DISADVANTAGES OF BIOFERTILIZERS

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