Bio-intensive and ecological based integrated pest management

Bio-intensive and ecological based integrated pest management

1. Bio-intensive and ecological based integrated pest management Submitted To: Dr. Sanjay sharma Associate Professor Department of Entomology Submitted by: P.Kranthi Ph.D. 1 ST Year

2. CONTENTS Introduction Biointensive IPM Ecological IPM How to get started the BIPM and EIPM Limitations Future prospects Conclusion

3. Introduction The concept of pest management involves evaluation and consolidation of the available techniques into a unified programme for managing pest populations. This leads to avoidance of economic damage along with minimal adverse side effects on the environment (NAS, 1969). According to Rabb (1972) pest management involves intelligent selection and use of control actions that will ensure favourable economic, ecological and sociological consequences. The action of pest control includes monitoring of increase in pest population and the judicious use of pesticide or the communication that no application is necessary.

4. What is biointensive IPM? Biointensive IPM  is defined as 'A systems approach to  pest management  based on an understanding of  pest  ecology. It begins with steps to accurately diagnose the nature and source of  pest  problems, and then relies on a range of preventive tactics and biological controls to keep  pest  populations within acceptable limits. (Benbrook, 1996).

5. What is ecological based IPM? Ecologically based  management  relies on a comprehensive knowledge of the  ecosystem , including the natural biological interactions that suppress  pest  populations. The coexisting crops, herbivores, predators, pathogens, weeds, and other organisms interact with one another and respond to their environment .

6. Bio-Intensive and ecological Based of Integrated Pest Management The “biointensive” approach sounds remarkably like the original concept of IPM. Such a “systems” approach makes sense both intuitively and in practice . The primary goal of biointensive and ecological IPM is to provide guidelines and options for the effective management of pests and beneficial organisms in an ecological context. Biointensive IPM incorporates ecological and economic factors into agricultural system design and decision-making and addresses public concerns about environmental quality and food safety. The benefits of implementing biointensive and ecological IPM can include reduced chemical input costs, reduced on-farm and off-farm environmental impacts and more effective and sustainable pest management.

7. BIPM options may be considered as proactive or reactive. Proactive practices include crop rotation, resistant crop cultivars including transgenic plants, disease-free seed and plants, crop sanitation, spacing of plants, altering planting dates, mulches etc The reactive options mean that the grower responds to a situation, such as an economically damaging population of pests, with some type of short-term suppressive action. Reactive methods generally include inundative releases of biological control agent, mechanical and physical controls, botanical pesticides and chemical controls

8. An ecology-based IPM has the potential of decreasing inputs of fuel, machinery and synthetic chemicals All of which are energy intensive and increasingly costly in terms of financial and environmental impact. Such reductions will benefit the grower and society.

9. 1. Proactive option of bio-intensive and ecological based IPM: Host plant resistance : The production of crop plants with heritable arthropod resistant traits has been recognized for more than 100 years. Resistant pest attack or damage Inhibit pest attack through toxic or repellent compounds or through physical factors such as colour or toughness High tolerance to pest and damage

10. Cultural management(ecological based IPM) The deliberate alteration of the production system, either the cropping system itself or specific crop production practices, to reduce pest populations or avoid pest injury to crops (Ashdown, 1977) Planting time: Cotton : Sowing till mid-May lower incidence of PBW, ABW and whiteflies Rapeseed mustard : Early sown crop suffers lower incidence of mustard aphid Sorghum : timely (June) sown crop shows lower incidence of shoot fly, spring and late sown heavily attacked

11. Seed rate and spacing Fodder sorghum: higher seed rate by 10% compensates for seedling mortality due to shoot fly Rice: closer spacing increases the incidence of planthoppers and leaf folder Cotton: closer spacing increases the incidence of bollworms and Jassids Plant diversity: trap, barrier and inter crops

12. Tillage  Rice: deep ploughing after rice helpful in reducing stem borer incidence Cotton: after cotton, deep ploughing reduces the overwintering population of Helicoverpa armigera Ground nu t: deep ploughing in May -June expose white grub beetles Crop sanitation  In sugarcane, removal of stubble and debris of previous crop from field helps to lower incidence of termites Removal of weed in cotton reduces S. litura indices

13. Water management Required amount of water at appropriate time is crucial for crop Via-a-vis insects eg. Draining of water from fields reduces the BPH incidence  Nutrient management High Nitrogen favours population build up -Leaf folder, BPH, WBPH, stem borer (rice), Cutworms(wheat) and Leafhopper (cotton) High pottasium has depressant effect on insect development - Thrips, leaf folder (rice) and Jassis (bhindi) In sugarcane, application of well rotten FYM helps to lower incidence of termites

14. Intercrops and crop mixures Ryegrass-berseem mixture lowers the incidence of T hysanoplusia orichalcea and H.armigera Taramira in raya reduces the incidence of mustard aphid A row of sesame around cowpea field attracts oviposition by hairy caterpillar

15. Trap crop: Indian mustard for diamond back moth (DBM) in cole crops Naiper grass and Naiper millet for stem borer in maize and sorghum Marigold for fruit borer in tomato Sudan grass around maize increases parasitisation of stem borer by Apantleles flavipes Crop rotation: Growing rice after groundnut in soil in puddled condition eliminates white grub

16. 2. Reactive option of bio-intensive and ecological based IPM:   Mechanical practices: Collect and destruction of egg masses of top borer in first and second brood during march and may in sugarcane Handpicking of hairy caterpillars, leaf rollers, tobacco caterpillar, cabbage butterfly, white grubs etc. Clipping of aphid infested twigs in raya Light traps for mass trapping and management of hairy caterpillars, leaf folder in rice Uprooting of infested plants having gregarious phases practiced in various crops to eliminate hairy caterpillars Locust invasions- managed by using fire flames and by drum beating during swarming periods.

17. Biological control   Biological control or bio control refers to the use of living organisms to suppress the population density or impact of specific pest organisms, making it less abundant or less damaging than it would otherwise be. Macrobial control: Birds and Arthropods (Predators and Parasitoids ) Microbial control: Entomopathogens (Bacteria, viruses, Fungi and Nematodes)  

18. Biorationals: Insect growth regulators (IGR's) Moulting hormones: Tebufenozoid Halofenozoid Methoxyfenozoid Juvenile hormones: Methprene Hydroprene Pyriproxyfen Fenoxycarb Chitin synthetic inhibitors: Diflubenzuron Novaluron Bufrofenzuron

19. Plant derived biorational: Nicotine Pyrethrum Rotinone Ryania Neem Sabadilla   Sociochemical (Pheromones and Allelochemicals) Pheromones Sex pheromones Light pheromones Allelochemical Kairomones Allelomones Synomones

20. Micro-organism derived biorational Spinosad Avermectin Pyrrole Polynactins Milbemycin Mislleneous biorational Noval insecticides

21. For example, organic management methods for flea beetle pests ( Phyllotreta flea beetle species attack a variety of cole crops and other vegetables in the Pacific Northwest) can include the following in farms practicing biointensive and ecological based IPM. Use of non-crop crucifers as trap crops within the season, that are removed between seasons. Timing of transplant establishment to avoid peaks of beetle emergence. Use of barriers in the form of floating row covers, before beetles emerge. Use of under-sowing or inter-planting with non-crucifers. Mass trapping of adults with yellow sticky traps. Use of repellent sprays including Neem-based products.

22. How to get started the Biointensive and ecological based IPM Planning: Good planning must precede implementation of any program, but is particularly important in a bio-intensive and ecological based program. Planning should be done before planting because many pest strategies require steps or input, such as beneficial organism habitat management, that must be considered well in advance. Attempting to jump start an IPM program in the beginning or middle of a cropping season generally does not work

23. When planning a biointensive and ecological based IPM program, some consideration includes : Options for design changes in the agricultural system (beneficial organism habitat, crop rotations). Choice of pest-resistant cultivars. Technical information needs. Monitoring options, record keeping and equipment, etc.

24. Diagnose your problems: Confirm the identity of pests, diseases and weeds in your crops Map your farm over the season (e.g. winter, spring, summer, autumn), including crop and non-crop areas and the cultural, biological and chemical pest control practices that you use Are Economic Injury Levels (EIL's) for pests known, that might help determine how damaging pest outbreaks are, and help determine the best time for sprays if needed?

25. Determine management options : - Develop you own resources from printed and on-line materials -Find a local expert (e.g. county extension agent) -Talk to producers with similar crops/problems and consider forming a grower -Can the pest problem be prevented by changing rotation, variety, cultural methods group to develop IPM practices -If suppressive tactics are required (e.g. sprays), which are the least hazardous

26. Select options that best fit your system: - - Which might be the most cost effective? -Which methods fit best within your calendar of activities? -Might other problems be encouraged by some approaches? -How might approaches be integrated to achieve more sustainable pest suppression?

27. Consider experiments to evaluate options: -Do you need to select from among several possible approaches? -Design a simple, practical experiment. Monitor the results and check how well your approach works and to help it evolve: -Note the timing and severity of outbreaks on simple maps of your farm -Can you enhance natural controls or cultural practices in locations where severity is higher? -Develop a whole farm perspective Approach to Managing pests.  

28. The Future and scope of biointensive and ecological based IPM: IPM in the future will emphasize biological and ecological knowledge in managing pests. Beyond that, specific areas are described here that will impact research and implementation of IPM in the future Food Quality Protection Act New Options More Weed IPM

29. Food Quality protection act: The FQPA, the amended Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), requires the EPA to review all federally registered pesticides in the next 10 years and to use a more comprehensive health standard when allowing re-registration. The ultimate impact is unknown, but FQPA will most likely result in stricter regulations concerning pesticide residues in food, particularly with respect to organochlorides, organophosphates, and carbamates. Some of the most toxic pesticides have already been "de-registered" with respect to some of their former uses. These regulations may provide incentive for more widespread adoption of IPM. More information, including implementation.

30. New Options Agricultural pests are developing resistance to many synthetic agrichemicals, and new synthetic chemicals are being registered at a slower rate than in the past. This situation has helped open the market for a new generation of microbial pesticides. Research is proceeding on natural endophytes fungi or bacteria that have a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship with their host plant—and their effects on plant pests. This research might yield products that could be used to inoculate plants against certain pests

31. More weed IPM Weeds are the major deterrent to the development of more sustainable agricultural systems, particularly in agronomic crops. Problems associated with soil erosion and water quality are generally the result of weed control measures like tillage, herbicides, cultivation, planting date and pattern, etc. In the future, research will focus not on symptoms, such as soil erosion, but on basic problems such as how to sustainably manage soils. Weeds, as an important facet of sustainable soil management, will consequently receive more emphasis in IPM or Integrated Crop Management (ICM) programs

32. Limitation of Biointensive and ecological IPM Limitation of Host plant resistant or resistant variety: Not available for all pest Preventive in nature Break down of resistant Level of control may not be sufficient Discovery and development is slow May not be agronomical acceptable

33. Limitation of cultural control The use of cultural controls for pest management requires advanced planning on the gardener's part. Although it may sound simple to plant resistant landscape plants or vegetable varieties, these varieties must be located and purchased in advance. In some cases, varieties may not be available locally but special orders can sometimes be placed at a nursery or ordered online.

34. Limitation of Mechanical control Mechanical methods require time and can be more practical for small gardens. For example, the use of row covers to exclude pests can be effective. Depending on the size of the garden, however, it may be a large expense and time investment to place the row covers, remove them to allow for pollination, and replace after pollination. Handpicking also has limitations. Once crop damage is noticeable, it might be too late for handpicking to be effective. This is why observing is so important to any IPM strategy. Actively monitoring the crops and looking for the first signs of damage keeps the insect populations at a level that allows handpicking to be successful

35. Limitation of Pheromones: Specificity inaction Difficulties in mass production Photo degradability Low persistent Timing of application

36. Limitation of Biological control Purchased natural predators are often effective for only a short period because they tend to move out of the area in which they are released. For example, some species of the western lady beetles sold for biological management instinctively fly long distances after hibernation to reach a source of aphids. Thus, when lady beetles from California find themselves released into a yard in North Carolina, they automatically fly far away before they begin to feed. Natural predators can be very effective in greenhouses where they are held captive.

37. Limitation of Chemical control Misuse of pesticides can result in killing all of the insects vulnerable to the active ingredients, leaving only the strongest to mate and reproduce. This results in pests quickly evolving Resistance to the chemicals. In addition, pesticides can kill beneficial insects as well as pest species. Because pest populations generally recover more quickly, the pest problem may soon be much worse than it was initially. Pesticide applications can also lead to outbreaks of secondary pests and can have adverse impact on nontarget organisms that eat insects or leaves contaminated with pesticide. Pesticides may be carried into streams by stormwater runoff and cause unintended consequences. Further potential problems with chemical management are direct hazards to the user and secondary exposure of family, friends, and pets to pesticide residue

38. Conclusion The concept of bio-intensive pest management proposes effective balance of pests and beneficial organisms in an ecological context. Needless to say that the natural balance is disturbed in the crop ecology due to regular cultivation practices. However the crops are meant to yield economic levels of quality produce. Hence there is a need to strike a balance appropriation of various interventions for suppression of insect pests, which can be achieved through various methods. However, detailed scientific scrutiny or models on this aspect are yet to be proposed in Indian context. Bio-intensive and ecological IPM requires a shift in research focus and approach with a knowledge base far more different than conventional IPM.

39. Mass emergence devices for in situ and laboratory reared natural enemies, reduced direct mortality or interference to natural enemies, botanicals and laboratory reared /mass cultured bio-agents may have added advantage in Biointensive and ecological based IPM This may be most useful in situations where the potentially effective natural enemies have become ineffective due to biotic or abiotic factors and the pests cannot be satisfactorily (economically and/or environmentally) controlled by other methods. This bio-intensive approach needs building the knowledge and information infrastructure by making changes in research and education priorities in order to emphasize ecology-based pest management and redesign management programs to promote bio-intensive IPM.

40. Thank you!!!!!!!