bioactive compounds in aquaculture and utilisation.pptx

bioactive compound

1. UTILIZATION OF BIO-ACTIVE COMPOUNDS BY MICROORGAANISMS

2. Introduction Marine bioactive compounds are organic compounds produced by microbes, sponges , gorgonians,soft and hard corals and seaweed, and other marine organisms. These products are the current industry for new drugs and chemicals. Marine micro organisms form highly specific and symbiotic relationship with filter feeding organisms like sponges,alcyonarians,ascidians and marine plants.

3. Cont… The host organisms synthesis as non-primary or secondary metabolites to protect themselves and to maintain homeostasis in their environment. A diverse a rray of bioactive compounds can be isolated from the extracts of marine organisms. M any of them novel chemical structures which may lead to the development of entirely new drugs and anti-therapeutic agents.

4. Cont… Anti cancer agents have been isolated from algae, sponges, jellyfish ,corals, shark cartilage and shellfish. The specific oyster contain a substance which may help diabetics by promoting the secretion of insulin. Chemicals found in sponges may be used to treat yeast and fungi. A poison emitted by the cone snail has been found to prevent brain damage in animals after a head injury or stroke.

5. Marine bacteria Marine bacteria produce anti-microbial substances. The first documented identification of a bioactive marine bacterial metabolite was the highly brominated pyrrole antibiotic,isolated from a bacterium obtained from the surface of the carribbean sea Thalassia .

6. Marine fungi Terrestrial fungi have represented a major biomedicinal resource.( eg:penicillin from penicillium ). The isolation of a small lactone,leptosphaerin from Leptosphaeria oreamaris demonstrated that marine fungimay from important resource for unique metabolites. Gliovitin was isolated from marine fungus, Asteromyces cruciatus . Since then more than twenty useful bioactive compounds have been derived from marine fungi.

7. Marine microalgae Marine microalgae are relatively unexploited but rich sources for bioactive compounds. Toxins initially isolated from fish or shellfish were found to originate from microalgae,especially dinoflagellates.more importanly , structural similarities have been found between many bioactives found in marine invertebrates and those in freshwater blue green algae. Great potential of marine bluegreens,the least explored resource,for producing bioactive compounds of medicinal value

8. Cont… Microalgae are significant resource for bioactive metabolites, particularly cytotoxic agentswith applications in cancer chemotherapy. From the marine microalgae such as from the blooms of phaeocystis sp.,antibiotic substances. Phaeocystis pouchetii is reported to produce chemicals such as acrylic acid. Producton of beta carotene and vitamins by the halotolerant alga Dunaliella sp., Micro algae produce incredibly potent alkaloidal neurotoxins such saxitoxin and polyketide neurotoxins such as brevetoxins .

9. Marine macroalgae The metabolites of green algae were reported to contain 1,4- diacetoxic butadiene moiety,which exhibited icthyotoxic property. Among the red algae,halogenated lipids have been isolated ,particularly from the Laurencia sp. The rare chemical prostoglandin was reported to occur in Gracilaria pichenoids . Ulva meal supplementation was found to provide disease resistance to red sea bream in japan .

10. Marine sponges Chemicals found in sponges may be used to treat yeast and fungi. A wide variety of secondary metabolites were isolated from the sponges and these have been associated with antibacterial,antimicrobial,antiviral,antifouling,HIV -protease inhibitory, HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitary,immune suppressent and cytotoxic activities.

11. Cont… The bioactive compounds of sponges have a myriad of activities ranging from antibiotic activity including anticoagulant, antithrombin , anti-inflammatory as well as immunomodulatory activities.

12. Sea anemones The sea anemone is a well known natural resource of supply of biologically active polypeptides. So far five toxins ATX, 1,2,3,4,5 and AS v, several polyvalent protease inhibitors, two blood pressure-depressive polypeptide have been isolated from it.

13. Ascidians Ascidians synthesize bioactive substances which are cytotoxic . Samples of the species Cystodytes dellechiajei , Euherdmania sp belonging to the Holozoidae family were extractedin methanol 5:1. The extracts were tested for cytotoxicity using the brine shrimp lethality assay, sea urchin development assay, homolysis assay.

14. T unicates Antiviral activity both RNA and DNA virus Extracts prepared from caribbean tunicate, an ascidian or sea squirt of the family Didemnidae,inhibits the growth of DNA and RNA viruses.

15. Sea hares Extremly potent anticancer properties were reported from the extracts of sea hare Dolabella auricularia .