Biodiversity

2. Biodiversity is a term used to describe the
diversity of life.
 Variety and differences among organisms in
Terrestrial
Marine
Other aquatic ecosystems
Of the ecological complexes of which they
are a part.

7. GENETIC
SPECIES
ECOSYSTEM
LANDSCAPE

8.  Species is defined as a group of organisms capable
of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
or
Species is a group or class of animals and plants
having certain common and permanent
characteristics that clearly distinguish it from other
groups and have a passage of a common gene.
 Species Diversity - is the number of different
species of living things living in an area.

9. Genetic differentiation within
species occurs
 Results from sexual
reproduction, in which genetic
differences between individuals
are combined in their offspring to
produce new combinations of
genes
From mutations causing changes
in the DNA.
 Genetic diversity is usually
mentioned with reference to
agriculture and maintaining food
security.

10.  It is the variation of habitats, community types,
and abiotic environments present in a given area.
Same set of animals and plants may be present in a
region but in different tropics (levels) of the
ecosystem.

11. Global biodiversity
Biological diversity at national level
Regional or local biodiversity
Regional diversity can be classified into
Alpha – at a particular point
Beta - at a particular locality
Gamma - at a particular region

12. Since India is having all types of climatic regions ,
the biodiversity is very high.
10
th
rank among plant richness
11
th
in number of endemic species of higher
vertebrates
6
th
in centers of diversity and origin of food crops
India is one of the 12 mega diversity nations
India is considered to be the origin of 5000 species
of flowering and 320 species of food plants
The marine diversity of India is still to be explored.

13. According to a report (1996), India is estimated to
have over
45,000 plant species - 7% of the world’s flora
81,000 animal species - 6.5% of fauna.
The 1999 report says
49,219 plant species - 12.5%
81,251 animal species - 6.6%.

14. Bacteria – 850
Fungi – 23,000
Algae – 2500
Reptiles – 428
Birds – 1228
The numbers will
increase if a thorough
Survey is done again.

15. Endemism – when a particular species is restricted
to particular region then it is endemic - Red panda
If the endemic species contribute more than 0.5%
of the species , then the place is considered as a
biodiversity hotspot
There are 25 hot spots in the world.
India has some parts in two hot spots.
Western Ghats - Srilanka
Eastern Himalayas – Indo Burman

16. The hot spots occupy 2% of the land area of earth
They contain 50% of the biodiversity.
40% of plants 25% of vertebrates are endemic to
hot spots
Roughly we can say that hot spots are in
Western Amazon , Madagascar
North and Central Borneo
North East Australia and West Africa.

18. Due to careless human activities the biodiversity is
under serious threat.
If biodiversity is going on decreasing it will not only
affect the animals but ultimately human who is on
the top of the food chain.
Causes of threats
Habitat destruction
Fragmentation
Poaching

24. Broad-scale commercial and conservation
strategies need to be developed
 must take into account the economic and
environmental constraints of the particular country
(i.e., detailed local knowledge!)
There must be designated core and buffer
conservation zones
 centered around areas of particular endemism
(other areas can be designated for limited
sustainable commercial activities.
(polycyclic logging, selective extraction of forest
products etc.)

25. Total area: 39 ha; core: 2 Total area: 42 ha; core: 25
Core
Buffer
Multiple-use
Research and training
Tourist facility
Human settlement

26. Due to the serious human activities some of the
animals have totally vanished, which are called the
extinct species
 DODO, passenger pigeon, cheetah(in India)
Some of the species are present in so low in
numbers which can become extinct are called
endangered species
 Asian Elephant, Gharial, Peacock.

27. SOME OF THE
ENDANGERED
ANIMALS

34. Consumptive
Productive
Service
Ethical
Social
Aesthetic
optional

35. Food – among known 80,000 food crops 90% are
from the wild ancestoral crops.
Drugs and medicine – around 75% people are
relying on herbal remedies for ailments.
The field of alternate medicines depends on the
plant products hence on the biodiversity.
Ayurvedha , Siddha , Unani systems either use
herbal as such or the products derived from plants.

36. Many of the forest products are precious hence
they are exploited to the maximum.
The products which are got from the forests and
directly merchandised come under the productive
value.
Elephant tusks – used in show pieces
Tiger bones and testis – Chinese medicine
Skins of tigers, red panda, cheetah and snakes.