BIODIVERSITY: definition, levels and threats

1. LECTURE ON
BIODIVERSITY
DEFINITION!
LEVELS!
IMPORTANCE!
THREATS & !
STATUS
www.picswallpaper.com

2. LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?

3. LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?

4. LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?
A
B

5. LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?
A
B

6. NOW LET’S CHECK OUT THE OUTSIDE WORLD
Which one looks better?

7. BIODIVERSITY
errolgatumbato.wordpress.comwww.thelandofpromise.com
www.vintagephilippines.com

8. WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
❖Variety and Diversity
of life forms (number
of kinds) in an area!
!
❖Biodiversity increases the stability of an ecosystem
and contributes to the health of the biosphere
australianmuseum.net.au

9. BIODIVERSITY on EXTINCTION ISSUES
❖Biodiversity is the FOCUS
of conservation!
!
❖Extinction !
❖a process that happens
when an entire species
permanently disappears
from the biosphere due to
the death of the species’
last member
www.phibetaiota.net

10. HIGH BIODIVERSITY = HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM
❖Measurement of how healthy
ecosystems are!
!
❖HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM
support HIGH biological
diversity!
!
❖STRESSED ECOSYSTEM
may not have the
CAPACITY to support high
biological diversity
www.motherearthnews.com

11. BIODIVERSITY LEVELS
❖ECOLOGICAL/ECOSYSTEM!
❖different habitats, niches,
species interactions!
❖SPECIES!
❖different kinds of organisms,
relationships among species!
!
❖GENETIC!
❖different genes & combinations
of genes within populations

12. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
❖collection of all the plants and animals within a
particular area, each differing in species composition,
physical structure and function!
!
❖the variety of ecosystems that are present in the
biosphere!
❖made up of interacting populations and the abiotic
factors that support them!
❖example: BIOMES
www.sciencerecorder.com

13. BIOMES
www.csus.edu

14. SPECIES DIVERSITY
❖measure of the number of species which
occur within a particular taxonomic level in
a given geographic area!
!
❖the number of different species and the
relative abundance of each species in a
biological community
blogs.thehindu.com

15. SPECIES DIVERSITY in ANGIOSPERMS
www.blog.gurukpo.com

16. GENETIC DIVERSITY
❖The variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that
are present in a population comprises its genetic
diversity!
❖Degree of variation in all the genes for all individuals
within a species!
❖As basis for evolution: Genetic diversity within an
interbreeding population increases the chances of
survival during changing environmental conditions or
during the outbreak of disease!
❖Example: BANANAS and RICE varieties
www.ethicurean.com

17. GENETIC DIVERSITY in BANANAS
errebeekeeper.wordpress.com

18. GENETIC DIVERSITY in RICE

19. GENETIC DIVERSITY in CORN
slola.blogspot.com

20. OTHER DIVERSITY IN GENES
biojoan.comwww.gardenculture.net
www.ecosystemservicesseq.com.au

21. WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?
There are direct and
indirect economic,
aesthetic, and scientific
reasons for preserving
biodiversity

22. WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?
There are direct and
indirect economic,
aesthetic, and scientific
reasons for preserving
biodiversity

23. WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?
There are direct and
indirect economic,
aesthetic, and scientific
reasons for preserving
biodiversity

24. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Extinction

25. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Extinctionwww.globalchange.umich.edu

26. EXTINCTION
Introduced Species
avrotor.blogspot.com www.petproductnews.com
GOLDEN SNAIL JANITOR FISH

27. EXTINCTION
Habitat Loss

28. EXTINCTION
Habitat Fragmentation

29. EXTINCTION
Over Exploitation
Too much harvest for food, medicine and other human sustenance
science.howstuffworks.com

30. EXTINCTION
Invasive Species
davesgarden.com
www.davidsanger.com

31. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Climate Change
www.newsecuritybeat.org
www.mediaglobal.org

32. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Pollution
climatechange.thinkaboutit.eu

33. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Mining and Bioaccumulation
LARRY PRICE - www.flickr.com

34. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Overpopulation

35. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS

36. THE PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY STATUS

37. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖RAREST WILDLIFE: has more than 52,177 described
species, half of which are endemic!
❖more than 1,130 terrestrial wildlife species recorded
for the Philippines (49 percent or half are endemic);
157 are threatened (128 are threatened endemic)
life-sea.blogspot.com

38. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖FLORAL DIVERSITY: between
10,000 and 14,000 species of
vascular and non-vascular
plants, more than half of which
are endemic
landofpromise.fairfood.orgwildlifeconservation.phhortlog.blogspot.com

39. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE DIVERSITY: estimated
total of 359 species of amphibians (101 species, 246 are
endemic, highest % endemism for all vertebrates) and
reptiles (258 species)
gdeichmann.photoshelter.comPhoto by: Arvin Diesmos.

40. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖BIRD DIVERSITY: 576 species of birds (195 are
endemic), 45 species are either extinct in the wild,
critical, or endangered
newsinfo.inquirer.net

41. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY:
174 mammalian species (111
are endemic)
www.explorer-philippines.com
animals.pawnation.com

42. NEW DISCOVERIES
❖Several new species have been discovered in small
islands such as Sibuyan (five new species) and
Camiguin (two new species), catapulting these islands
to a new status as centers of mammal endemism!
!
❖Sibuyan Island (463 km
2), which hosts four species of
endemic non-flying mammals (plus one bat), a total
exceeding that of any country in Europe