Biodiversity with special reference to india status

Conservation biology lab

1. JIWAJI UNIVERSITY
GWALIOR
TOPIC: Biodiversity with special reference to India -status
Dr. RamkumarLodhi
Conservation Biology Lab

2. Biodiversity
•BiodiversityisthevarietyoflifeonEarth.Itreferstothe
totalityofgenes,speciesandecosystemsofaregion
•Thereare3components/hierarchicallevelsofbiodiversity
–Geneticdiversity
–Speciesdiversity
–Communitydiversity

3. Biodiversity of India

4. Genetic diversity
•Itreferstothetotal
number of
characteristicsofa
species,asubspecies
,oragroupof
species.
•Thevariationofthe
genescouldbein
alleles,intheentire
genesorinthe
chromosomal
structures.
•Thediversityenablesapopulationinadaptingtoits
environmentandrespondtonaturalselection.
•Speciationisbasedongeneticdiversity

5. Species diversity
•Itisthevarietyofspecies
withinaregion
•Ithastwocomponents
namely,speciesRichness,
thenumberofspeciesin
acommunityandspecies
Evenness,therelative
abundanceofspecies.

6. Community diversity
•This diversity has the following three
perspectives:
–Alpha diversity
•Diversity of organisms sharing the same community/habitat
–Beta diversity
•Rate of replacement of species along environmental
gradients such as altitudinal gradient, moisture gradient etc
–Gamma diversity
•Diversity of habitats over the total landscape or geographical
area

7. Ecosystem diversity
•Its include
climate,
microclimate,
soils,
topography,
number of
trophiclevels,
niches, energy
flow, food web,
biogeochemical
cycling, biotic
interactions and
time etc.

8. India’s biodiversity: Status
•India,Knownforitsrichheritageofbiologicaldiversity,hasso
fardocumentedover91,200speciesofanimalsand45,500
speciesofplantsinitstenbio-geographicregions.
•Itisrecognizeddiversityofcropplants,havingmorethan300
wildancestorsandcloserelativesofcultivatedplants,which
arestillevolvingundernaturalconditions.
•Indiaranksamongthetoptenspecies–richnationsand
showshighendemism.Indiahastwobiodiversityhotspots.
EasternHimalayaandWesternGhat.

9. India is haring 12.53% of World’s total
biodiversity
•Theextentofspeciesendemisminvascularplantsalone
rangesfrom32to40%inthemountainecosystem.Other
groups,suchasreptiles,amphibianandfishshowmorethan
50%ofspeciesendemisminWesternGhats.
•Ofthe979birdspeciesrecordedformtheHimalayanregion,
fourEndemicbirdAreahavebeendelineatedforpriority
conservationmeasures.

10. Facts about Indian Biodiversity
•Intermsofspeciesrichness,Indiaranksseventhinmammals.
•Ninthinbirds.
•Intermsofendemismofvertebrategroups,India’spositionis
tenthinbirdswith69species.
•Fifthinreptileswith156speciesandseventhinamphibians
with110species.
•India’sshareofcropsis44%ascomparedtotheworld
averageof11%Indiaalsohas23.39%ofit’sgeographicalarea
underforestandtreecover.

11. The National biodiversity action plan
•Strengtheningandintegratingin-situ,onfarmandex-situconservation
•Augmentationofnaturalresourcebaseanditssustainableutilization
•Regulationintroductionsandmanaginginvasiveolienspecies
•Assessmentofvulnerabilityandadaptationtoclimatechangeand
desertification
•Integrationofbiodiversityconcernsineconomicandsocialdevelopment
•Impactofpollution
•Developingandintegrationbiodiversitydatabases
•Strengtheningimplementationofpolicy,legislativeandadministration
measuresforbiodiversityconservationandmanagement
•Developingnationalcapacities'forbiodiversityconservationand
appropriateuseofnewtechnologies.
•Useofeconomicinstruments/valuationinbiodiversityrelateddecision-
makingprocesses
•Internationalcooperation

12. Major Drivers of biodiversity change
•Driversarenaturalorhuman–inducedfactorsthatdirectlyor
indirectlycauseachangeinbiodiversity
•Directdriversthatexplicitlyinfluenceecosystemprocesses
includelandusechange,climatechangeinvasivespecies,over
exploitationandpollution
•Indirectdriverssuchaschangesinhumanpopulation
incomesorlifestyleoperatemorediffuselybyalteringoneor
moredirectdrivers

13. Major Drivers of biodiversity change

14. Specific direct drivers
•Habitat destruction/Loss
•Habitat fragmentation
•Habitat degradation and pollution
•Invasive alien species/exotic species
•Over Exploitation
•Global climate change

15. Specific indirect drivers
•Change in Economic Activity
•Population change
•Socio-political factors
•Cultural and Religious factors
•Science and Technology

16. Biodiversity management approaches
•In-situapproachesincludemethodsandtoolsthat
protectspecies,geneticvarietiesandhabitatsinthe
wild.
•Itisafavorableapproachamongstecologistsand
conservationiststoprotecthabitatsandecosystems
•Ex-situapproachesincludemethodsthatremove
plants,animalsandmicrobialspeciesandgenetic
varietiesfromtheirenvironment.
•Thesearepopularamongstagriculturalistsandspecies-
orientedbiologist,andhelpsthemaintenanceof
samplesofspecies

17. References
•RajeshGopal:Fundamentalsofwildlifemanagement
•MinistryofEnvironmentandForest,Governmentof
India,India’sfourthnationalreporttothe
conservationonBiologicaldiversity
•Googlesearchengine