Bioengineering (1).pdf

Microbiology bioengineering

1. Biotechnology
&
Bioengineering
Md. Abu Zihad
Lecturer and Assistant Proctor
Dept. of Microbiology
PrimeasiaUniversity

2. “Biotechnology”wasusedfirsttimebyHungarianengineerKaroly
Erekyin1919andreferstotheuseoflivingsystemsandorganismsto
developormakeproducts,or
“anytechnologicalapplicationthatusesbiologicalsystems,living
organisms,orderivativesthereof,tomakeormodifyproductsor
processesforspecificuse”(UNConventiononBiologicalDiversity,
Art.2)
Modernbiotechnology,incontrast,includesgeneticengineeringaswell
ascellandtissueculturetechnologiesbasedonvastgenomeresources
ofhumanandotherlivingthings.
Biotechnology

3. Bioengineeringistheapplicationofthelifesciences,physical
sciences,mathematicsandengineeringprinciplestodefineandsolve
problemsinbiology,medicine,healthcareandotherfields.
Bioengineeringisarelativelynewdisciplinethatcombinesmany
aspectsoftraditionalengineeringfieldssuchaschemical,electrical
andmechanicalengineering.
Examplesofbioengineeringinclude:
•artificialhips,kneesandotherjoints
•ultrasound,MRIandothermedicalimagingtechniques
•usingengineeredorganismsforchemicalandpharmaceutical
manufacturing.
Bioengineering

4. ConceptofBioengineering
ThemassproductionofpenicillinduringtheWWIIwasstartedinthe
UnitedStateswithparticipationofchemicalengineers.Sincethen
manynewantibiotics,aminoacids,andenzymeswereproducedin
largequantities.
Firstissueof“BiotechnologyandBioengineering”waspublished
in1959.Thistime“biotechnology”meantmostly“applied
microbiology,”and“bioengineering”meant“bioprocessingof
microorganisms”bychemicalengineersandcalledas
“biochemicalengineering.”
Another“bioengineering”meant“biomedicalengineering”inlate
1960sandearly1970stounderstandphysiologicalchangeof
astronautsduringtheirspacetravels.Manyuniversitiesinthe
UnitedStateswerefundedunderthe“bioengineering”program.
Cont’d…

5. Bioengineering(alsoknownasBiologicalEngineering)isthe
applicationofengineeringprinciplestoaddresschallengesinthefields
ofbiologyandmedicine.
Bioengineeringappliesengineeringprinciplestothefullspectrumof
livingsystems.Thisisachievedbyutilizingexistingmethodologiesin
suchfieldsas:
•Molecularbiology,
•Biochemistry,
•Microbiology,
•Pharmacology,
•Cytology,
•Immunologyandneuroscience
Bioengineeringappliesthemtothedesignof:
•Medicaldevices,
•Diagnosticequipment,
•Biocompatiblematerials,andotherimportantmedicalneeds.
Sectors of Bioengineering
Cont’d…

6. Cont’d…
Bioengineering is richly collaborative and interdisciplinary.

7. Bioengineershastheabilitytoexploitnewopportunitiesandsolve
problemswithinthedomainofcomplexsystems.Theyhaveagreat
understandingoflivingsystemsascomplexsystemswhichcanbe
appliedtomanyfieldsincludingentrepreneurship.
Themainfieldsofbioengineeringmaybecategorizedas:
a)BiomedicalEngineering;Biomedicaltechnology,Biomedical
Diagnosis,Biomedicaltherapy,BiomechanicsandBiomaterials.
b)GeneticEngineering;CellengineeringandTissueculture
engineering.
ThewordwasinventedbyBritishscientistandbroadcasterHeinzWolf
in1954.
Cont’d…

8. Biomedicalengineering(BME)istheapplicationofengineering
principlesandtechniquestothemedicalfield.Itcombinesthedesign
andproblemsolvingskillsofengineeringwithmedicalandbiological
sciencestohelpimprovepatienthealthcareandthequalityoflifeof
individuals.
Asanewdiscipline,muchoftheworkinbiomedicalengineering
consistsofresearchanddevelopment,coveringanarrayoffollowing
fields:
•Bioinformatics,
•Medicalimaging,
•Imageprocessing,
•Physiologicalsignalprocessing,
•Biomechanics,
•Biomaterialsandbioengineering,
•Systemsanalysis,
•3-Dmodeling,etc.
a) Biomedical Engineering

9. Applicationsofbiomedicalengineeringarethedevelopmentandmanufacture
ofbiocompatibleprostheses,medicaldevices,diagnosticdevicesandimaging
equipmentsuchasMRIsandEEGS,andpharmaceuticaldrugs.
Biomedicalengineeringisaninterdisciplinaryfield,influencedbyvarious
fieldsandsources.Duetotheextremediversity,itistypicalforabiomedical
engineertofocusonaparticularemphasiswithinthisfollowingfield;
•Clinicalengineering:
Clinicalengineeringisabranchofbiomedicalengineeringrelatedtothe
operationofmedicalequipmentinahospitalsetting.
•MedicalDevices:
Amedicaldeviceisusetodiagnosisofdiseaseorotherconditionssuch
ascure,mitigation,treatment,orpreventionofdisease.
Cont’d…

10. •MedicalImaging:
Imagingtechnologiesareoftenessentialtomedicaldiagnosis,andare
typicallythemostcomplexequipmentfoundinahospitalincluding:
Fluoroscopy
Magneticresonanceimaging(MRI)
NuclearMedicine
IPositronEmissionTomography(PET)PETscans
PET-CTscans
ProjectionRadiographysuchasX-raysandCTscans
Tomography
Ultrasound
ElectronMicroscopy
Cont’d…

11. Fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopyisastudyofmovingbodystructures-similartoanx-ray
"movie."Acontinuousx-raybeamispassedthroughthebodypartbeing
examined,andistransmittedtoaTV-likemonitorsothatthebodypartand
itsmotioncanbeseenindetail.
Fluoroscopyisusedinmanytypesofexaminationsandprocedures,suchas
bariumx-rays,cardiaccatheterization,andplacementofintravenous(IV)
cathetershollowtubesinsertedintoveinsorarteries.
Inbariumx-rays,fluoroscopyallowsthephysiciantoseethemovementof
theintestinesasthebariummovesthroughthem.
Incardiaccatheterizationfluoroscopyenablesthephysiciantoseetheflow
ofbloodthroughthecoronaryarteriesinordertoevaluatethepresenceof
arterialblockages.
Forintravenouscatheterinsertion,fluoroscopyassiststhephysicianin
guidingthecatheterintoaspecificlocationinsidethebody.
Cont’d…

12. Fluoroscopy
Cont’d…

13. Cont’d…

14. Biomaterials
Abiomaterialisanymaterial,thatcompriseswholeorpartofaliving
structureorabiomedicaldevicewhichperforms,increase,orreplacesa
functionthathasbeenlostthroughdiseaseorinjury.

15. Cont’d…

16. Biomaterials Involved in Human Body

17. Bioengineeringandbiomedicalengineeringmightrolloffthetongue
similarly,butinpracticetherearenotabledifferencesbetweenthetwo-
•Bioengineeringisthestudyofappliedengineeringpracticesingeneral
biology.Itisthemorebroadtopicwhencomparedtobiomedical
engineering.
•Bioengineeringcoverstopicssuchasagriculture,pharmaceuticals,natural
resourcesandfoodstuffs,amongothers.Inaddition,itcoversgeneral
medicalpractices,thoughbiomedicalengineeringfocusesmoreonthis
fieldthangeneralbioengineeringwill.
•Bioengineeringpracticesareappliedtomanydifferentindustries,
includinghealthcare,butbiologicalengineeringpracticesarenot
explicitlyformedicalpurposes.
•Biomedicalengineeringisamorespecializedversionofbioengineering,
utilizingmanyofthediscipline’sprincipaltheoriesandputtingthemto
practicetoimprovehumanhealth.Itemslikethepacemaker,artificialheart
andcochlearimplantareallresultsofbiomedicalinnovation.

18. •Bioengineersoftenfocusongeneraltheorythatcanbeappliedto
variousdifferentareasofnaturalsciencestosolveproblems.
•Biomedicalengineeringismorefocusedandpractical,specificallyin
thecontextofhealthcare.
•Ifyouareinterestedinbigpictureideasandcreatingnewtheoretical
frameworksthroughwhichtoapproachbiology,bioengineering
wouldbeagreatfit.
•Ontheotherhand,ifyouwanttoputestablisheddoctrinetouse
improvingthehealthcarefieldbycreatingoroperatingadvanced
biotechnologicalproducts,thenbiomedicalengineeringmightbethe
preferredchoice.
Cont’d…

19. Accordingto'Langer'and'Vacanti'
"Aninterdisciplinaryfieldthatappliestheprinciplesofengineeringand
lifesciencestowardthedevelopmentofbiologicalsubstitutesthat
restore,maintain,orimprovetissuefunctionorawholeorgan."
Itisalsodefinedas
"Understandingtheprinciplesoftissuegrowth,andapplyingthisto
producefunctionalreplacementtissueforclinicaluse".
Examplesoftissueengineering;
•Invitromeat:Edibleartificialanimalmuscletissueculturedin
vitro.
•Artificialpancreas:Researchinvolvesusingisletcellstoproduce
andregulateinsulin,particularlyincasesofdiabetes.
•Artificialskinconstructedfromhumanskincellsembeddedin
collagen.
•Artificialboneandbonemarrow
•Oralmucosatissueengineering,etc.
b) Tissue Engineering

20. Involvedevelopmentofbiologicalsubstitutesthatrestore,maintain,or
improvefunctionoftissueorwholeorgan.
Tissueengineeringisthepracticeofcombiningscaffolds,cells,and
biologicallyactivemoleculesintofunctionalconstructsthatregenerate,or
improvedamagedtissuesorwholeorgansin-vivoorin-vitrofor
transplantation.Tissueengineeringrequiresatriadof
1)Cellscomesfromvarioustypesofstemcellscanbeused
2)Scaffolds
3)Signal
Cont’d…

21. 1)Cells
Cellsusedfortissueengineeringaremostlystemorprogenitorcells
thatmaybe;
•Autogenouscellsareharvesteddirectlyfromtheindividual
undergoingrepair.
•Allogenic,cellsarefromadonorindividual(samespecies).
•Xenogeneic,cellsaretransplantedfromadifferentspecies
andarelesscommonlyused.
Anartificialstructurecapableofsupportingthreedimensionaltissue
formation.
Scaffoldcanbefabricatedintheshapeofthetissuewewantto
restore.
Examplesofbiomaterialusedasscaffolds;
•Collagen
•Gelatin
•Poly-glycolicAcid(PGA)
2) Scaffold
Cont’d…

22. •Poly(L-LacticAcid)(PLLA)
•Poly(DL-Lactic-Co-GlycolicAcid)(PLGA)
•Hydrogel(Smartbiomaterial)
Scaffoldcanbefabricatedviavarioustechniques
•3-Dprinting
•Gasfoaming
•Solventbasedtechniques
•Electrospinning
Propertiesofanidealscaffold
1)Biocompatible:
Afterimplantation,thescaffoldshouldn'tinduceanyimmunereaction
inordernottoberejected,andtocauseinflammationthatreduces
healing.
Cont’d…

23. 2)Biodegradable:
Scaffoldsshouldbetterbeabsorbedbythesurroundingtissueswithout
theneedforsurgicalremoval.Andthedegradationproductsshouldbe
non-toxicandeasilyremovedfromthebody
N.B.therateofscaffolddegradationshouldcoincidewiththerateof
newextracellularmatrixformationbytheimplantedcells.
3)Porosity:
scaffoldsshouldbeporousandwithadequateporesizetofacilitatecell
seedingandnutrientdiffusion.
4)Mechanicalproperties:
Scaffoldsshouldhavemechanicalpropertiesthatareconsistentwith
theanatomicalsitetowhichit'simplantedandthatallowsurgical
handlingduringimplantation.
Cont’d…

24. Cont’d…

25. Cont’d…

26. 3)
Regulatory signals
Growthfactorsareusedasregulatorysignalsfortissueengineering.
Theseproteinsexerttheiractivitybybindingtocellmembrane
receptors.
Theycanhelptissueregenerationbyactivatingmanyprocesseslike
mitogenesis,angiogenesisandchemotaxis.Thesesignalscanregulate
cellularmigration,adhesion,proliferationdifferentiation,andsurvival.
Examplesofthesegrowthfactorsare.
•Bonemorphogenicproteins(BMP)
•Plateletderivedgrowthfactor(PDGF)
•Transforminggrowthfactor(TGF)
•Fibroblastgrowthfactor(FGF)andmanyothers....
Cellularbehaviorcanalsobestronglyinfluencedbybiomechanical
stimulithroughbioreactorsystems.
Cont’d…

27. Biomechanics
"Biomechanicsisthesciencethatexaminesforcesactinguponand
withinabiologicalstructureandeffectsproducedbysuchforces"-JimHay
Biomechanicsisthescienceofmovementofalivingbody,suchashow
muscles,bones,tendons,andligamentsworktogethertoproduce
movement.
Biomechanistsusetheprinciplesofphysicalmechanicscombinedwith
theprinciplesofbiologytounderstandhowpeoplemoveandhowtheycan
movemoreefficientlyandwhywesometimesgetinjuredandhowcanwe
reduceinjuries.
Biomechanicsistheapplicationofmechanicalprinciplestoliving
structureseitheranimalsorhumanbeingatrestandduringmovement.
BiomechanicsisClassifiedintoKinetic(analysisofmotion)and
Kinematic(descriptionofmotion).

28. Cont’d…
Use of biomechanics in physiotherapy

29. Bionicsisthestudyoflivingsystemssothattheknowledgegainedcan
beappliedtothedesignofphysicalsystemsforexamplebionicsarms,
bionicseyeetc.
Thebioniceyeisanartificialeyewhichprovidevisualsensationstothe
brain.Itconsistofelectronicsystemshavingimagesensors,
microprocessors,receivers,radiotransmittersandretinalchips.
Technologyprovidedbythishelptheblindpeopletogetvisionagain.
Bionics

30. THANK TO ALL..