BIOFILMS &charachterization applications

How it is amde

1. Bacterial biofilm: formation steps, dispersion and control strategies DR. AKSHAYA GUPTE

2. EXAMPLES OF BIOFILMS

3. Fig. 1. Biofilm life cycle and major actors involved in biofilm dispersal. A. Biofilm development is a sequential process involving adhesion of cells to a surface, formation of microcolonies, and biofilm maturation with the emergence of three-dimensional structures, from which bacteria can disperse and colonize new environments. The planktonic (gray bacteria), sessile (green bacteria), and dispersed (red bacteria) states have unique transcriptional patterns ( Guilhen et al., 2016). B. Bacteria can induce dispersal to escape from the biofilm macrostructure in response to a broad range of input signals. These signals are transduced to the effectors by regulating subcellular pools of c-di-GMP and autoinducers. Different strategies are used to disperse cells from biofilm including extracellular matrix degradation by the action of nucleases, glucosidases, or proteases, disruption of cell surface structures, reduction of surface tension with surfactant molecules, or the induction of local cell death.