Biofuel process

1. THE MAKING OF

2. BIOFUEL CLASSIFICATION

3. bioalcohol biodiesel

4. BIODIESEL biodiesel is most commonly made by chemically altering organic oil through the use of a catalyst and an alcohol . The chemical reaction that occurs through this process breaks down the oil molecules and replaces the glycerin portion of the molecule with an alcohol molecule. The glycerin falls to the bottom and is drained off. Residue then gives the privilege to utilize the organic fuel--- Biodiesel.

5. TRANSESTERIFICATION   the process of exchanging the organic group R″ of an  ester  with the organic group R′ of an  alcohol . These reactions are often catalyzed  by the addition of an  acid  or  base  catalyst. The reaction can also be accomplished with the help of enzymes (biocatalysts) particularly lipases . CATALYST Acid/Base

6. BIOALCOHOL bioethanol Directly-fermented cellulosic

7. A type of  biofuel  produced from  lignocellulose , a structural material that comprises much of the mass of plants. Lignocellulose is composed mainly of  cellulose , hemicellulose  and  lignin .  Corn stover , Panicumvirgatum  ( switchgrass ),  Miscanthus  grass species,  wood chips  and the byproducts of lawn and tree maintenance are some of the more popular cellulosic materials for ethanol production.

8. LIGNOCELLULOSE STRUCTURE

9. The two ways of producing ethanol from  cellulose  are : Cellulolysis processes which consist of  hydrolysis  on pretreated lignocellulosic materials, using  enzymes  to break complex cellulose into simple  sugars  such as  glucose , followed by   fermentation  and  distillation . Gasification  that transforms the  lignocellulosic  raw material into gaseous  carbon monoxide  and hydrogen. These gases can be converted to ethanol by fermentation or chemical  catalysis . As is normal for pure ethanol production, these methods include  distillation .

10. Rice husk and straw SOURCES

11. Sugar cane bagasse Switch grass

12. DIRECTLY-FERMENTED Alcohol fuels  that are produced by fermentation of sugars derived from wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane, molasses and any sugar or starch that alcoholic beverages can be made from (like potato and fruit waste, etc.). The ethanol production methods used are  enzyme digestion  (to release sugars from stored starches), fermentation of the sugars,  distillation  and drying.

13. GRAINS CORN SORGHUM SOURCES

14. “Significant progress has been made in developing the new BIOFUEL Technologies needed but they remain to be proven at the commercial scale.” CASSANDRA GISELLE GAAS