Bioinformatics

BIOINFORMATICS

1. BIOINFORMATICS

2. CONTENTS Introduction Goals of Bioinformatics Field of Bioinformatics Bioinformatics Data Applications of Bioinformatics Bioinformatics & Molecular Medicine Tools in Bioinformatics

3. INTRODUCTION Bioinformatics is the application of Information technology to store, organize and analyze the vast amount of biological data. The stored data is available in the form of sequences and structures of proteins and nucleic acids (the information carrier). The biological information of nucleic acids is available as sequences while the data of proteins is available as sequences and structures. Sequences are represented in single dimension where as the structure contains the three dimensional data of sequences.

4. INTTRODUCTION Bioinformatics is a field in which biology, mathematics, statistics, CS and IT are merged into a single discipline to process biological data. Complex machines are used to read in biological data at a much faster rate than before. The term “Bioinformatics” was invented by Paulien Hogeweg and Ben Hesper in 1970. The need for bioinformatics has arisen from the recent explosion of publicly available genomic information, such as resulting from the Human Genome Project. Gain a better understanding of gene analysis, taxonomy, & evolution. To work efficiently on the rational drug designs and reduce the time taken for the development of drug manually.

5. GOALS OF BIOINFORMATICS To uncover the wealth of Biological information hidden in the mass of sequence, structure, literature and biological data. It is being used now and in the foreseeable future in the areas of molecular medicine. It has environmental benefits in identifying waste and clean up bacteria. In agriculture, it can be used to produce high yield, low maintenance crops.

6. FIELD OF BIOINFORMATICS Molecular Medicine Gene Therapy Drug Development Microbial genome applications Crop Improvement Forensic Analysis of Microbes Biotechnology Evolutionary Studies Bio-Weapon Creation

7. BIOINFORMATICS DATA Bioinformatics deals with any type of data that is of interest to biologists DNA and protein sequences Gene expression (microarray) Raw data collected from field or laboratory experiment – Images, virtual models, Software Articles from literature and databases of citations Each type of data can exist in many incompatible computer formats The analysis of DNA sequence data has come to dominate the field of bioinformatics, but the term can be applied to any type of biological data that can be recorded as numbers or images and handled by computers

8. APPLICATIONS OF BIOINFORMATICS In Experimental Molecular Biology In Genetics and Genomics In generating Biological Data Analysis of gene and protein expression Comparison of genomic data In Simulation & Modeling of DNA, RNA & Protein

9. APPLICATIONS Prediction of Protein Structure :- It is easy to determine the primary structure of proteins in the form of amino acids which are present on the DNA molecule but it is difficult to determine the secondary, tertiary or quaternary structures of proteins. Tools of bioinformatics can be used to determine the complex protein structures. Genome Annotation :- In genome annotation, genomes are marked to know the regulatory sequences and protein coding. It is a very important part of the human genome project as it determines the regulatory sequences.

10. APPLICATIONS Comparative Genomics :- Comparative genomics is the branch of bioinformatics which determines the genomic structure and function relation between different biological species. For this purpose, intergenomic maps are constructed which enable the scientists to trace the processes of evolution that occur in genomes of different species. Health and Drug discovery:- The tools of bioinformatics are also helpful in drug discovery, diagnosis and disease management. Complete sequencing of human genes has enabled the scientists to make medicines and drugs which can target more than 500 genes.

11. APPLICATIONS Preventative medicine:- Gene identification by sequence inspection and prediction of splice sites allows mutations to be corrected easily. This is much used in the analysis of mutations that cause cancer. Gene therapy:- Mutations are easily detected and quantified through next-generation sequencing technology in a heterogeneous sample thus a cost effective precision medicine, “right drug at right dose to the right patient at the right time” can be administered.

12. BIOINFORMATICS & MOLECULAR MEDICINE Early detection of genetic predispositions to diseases Improved diagnosis of disease Pharmacogenomics Customized drugs Individualized drugs selection Better methods for determining drug doses for individuals Appropriate doses determination Gene therapy and control systems for drugs

13. TOOLS IN BIOINFORMATICS Storage Databases Building, Querying, Complex data Annotations, Citations Standards Interoperability Knowledge Management Classification, Vocabularies, Ontologies Communications Process Workflow

14. TOOLS IN BIOINFORMATICS Discovery and Analyses Text String Comparison Text search, Statistical analysis Finding Patterns AI / Machine Learning, Clustering, Data mining Geometric Robotics, Graphics (Surfaces,  Volumes), Comparison and 3D  Matching (Vision,  Recognition) Physical Simulation Newtonian Mechanics, Electrostatics, Numerical Algorithms, Simulation

15. TOOLS IN BIOINFORMATICS BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. It is an algorithm for comparing biological sequences information, such as amino acid sequence of different proteins or the nucleotides of DNA sequences. BLAST is used to identify library sequences that resembles the query sequences.

16. CONCLUSION As we can see that Technological advances have had both positive & negative impacts on our daily lives. Bioinformatics is just biology using computers & mathematics. Bioinformatics has become an important part of many areas of biology. In experimental molecular biology, bioinformatics techniques such as image & signal processing allow extraction of useful results from large amounts of raw data. In the field of genetics & genomics.

17. REFERENCES biotecharticles.com sciencedirect.com europepmc.org britannica.com

18. THANK YOU