Biological and Physiology Psychology PPT.pdf

The introduction about wakefulness and Sleep that talk about Biological Clock and Sleep walking, REM and also talk about other causes of sleeping

1. Wakefulness
and Sleep
Biological and Physiological Psychology
Presented by:
Arellano , Jumarie Jones
Cordova, Jesus Gabio
De La Pena, Charles Dexter
Favores, Ma. Desiree
BS Psychology 2- C

2. To uncover the Rhythms of waking and
sleeping
Distinguish the Stages of Sleep
Different kinds of Neural control of Arousal
To analyze the Interruptions of Consciousness
To evaluate the significance of understanding
the biological and physiological aspects of
wakefulness and sleep in improving overall
health and well-being.
OBJECTIVES

3. Humans and animals have a biological clock that
prepares them for seasonal changes and survival.
Endogenous circannual rhythm refers to the changes in
season in which most animals prepare to migrate
yearly. While in humans, we have an endogenous
circadian rhythm that resets throughout the day.
Rhythms Of Waking And Sleeping

4. The Biological Clock
The light from the sun is a significant
determiner of our circadian rhythm.
Sleep cycles depend not only on the wake
duration but also on the time of the day.
Based on studies conducted, humans and
animals generate wake-sleep rhythms.
Researchers can train people to produce a
25-hour rhythm through bright light, but
they cannot exceed the 24-hour norm.
Circadian rhythms persist without light.
However, light plays a vital role in resetting
the sleep cycles. Zeitgeber (time giver) is
any stimulus that resets circadian rhythm–
light, exercise, noise, temperature, meals,
and activities.

5. Circadian rhythms vary from person to person. Hence, the terms:
“evening people” or “owls and “morning people” or “larks.”
As people age, they also develop changes in their sleep patterns.
Adolescents tend to stay up late; then, it gradually reverses as
they hit 20.
Humans have an internal biological clock. People who live in an
environment with a light-dark schedule, different from 24 hours,
fail to follow that schedule and instead become wakeful and
sleepy on a 24-hour basis.
Free-running rhythm is a rhythm that occurs without stimuli reset.
However, as this persists, the sleep rhythm would drift further the
more a person resets it.

6. Jet Lag is the disruption in circadian rhythm, a mismatch between internal and external time.
To cope with jet lag, there are two ways to adjust phase delay–those who have trouble
falling asleep at the regular time and will fall asleep later. Phase advanced are people who
often fall asleep easily and wake up early.
Shift Work, as some careers require an irregular sleep schedule, they discover that sleep
duration depends on when they go to sleep. Being active at night does not necessarily
change their circadian rhythm. Hence, workplaces adjust the lights during their shifts and
suggest they darken the sleeping area during the day to
achieve better sleep.

7. SCN (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus) is located at the base
of the brain, on top of the optic chiasm.
The SCN mainly controls the circadian rhythm for sleep
and temperature.
SCN controls the sleep cycle by regulating brain
activity levels in the pineal gland–which releases
melatonin– which affects both circadian and circannual
rhythms.
As melatonin increases sleepiness, it can also help
reset the circadian rhythm. The melatonin secretions
start to increase about 2-3 hours before bedtime.
Stages Of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms

8. For mammals, they have melanopsin–a photopigment that
doesn’t require rods and cones to respond directly to light.
A branch of the optic nerve, the retinohypothalamic path,
conveys information about light to the SCN. The axons
comprising that path originate from special ganglion cells that
respond to light by themselves. They are located near the
nose, not the eyes, to detect and respond to the average
amount of light.

9. 01
02
03
EMG (electromyogram)
EOG (electrooculogram)
A polysomnograph
The Stages
of Sleep

10. EMG (electromyogram)
EOG (electrooculogram)
A polysomograph
is an electrical potential recorded from an
electrode placed in/on a muscle.
measures the movements of the eyes and is
attached around the eyes.
combines EEG and eye-movement record
data to measure sleep stages

11. Beta activity
(13-30 Hz)
Alpha activity (8-12 Hz)
Theta activity (3.5-
7.5 Hz)
is the state of
relaxation.
is associated
with arousal.
occurs in the
early stages of
slow-wave and
REM sleep.

12. REM Sleep vs. Slow-Wave Sleep
REM Sleep Slow-Wave Sleep
1. EEG desynchrony (fast, irregular
 waves)
2. Lack of muscle tonus
3. Rapid eye movement
4. Penile erection or vaginal secret
ion
5. Dreams
1.EEG synchrony (slow waves)
2. Moderate muscle tonus
3. Slow or absent eye movements
4. Lack of genital activity

13. STAGE 1 (NREM SLEEP)
Irregular, jagged, and low-voltage waves dominate the EEG
When vibrating interactions between cells in the thalamus and cortex
occur, the Sleep spindle happens–-these are 12 to 14 Hz waves with
bursts that last half a second.
STAGE 2 (NREM SLEEP)
During the second stage of sleep, sharp high-aptitude waves often
occur, called K-complex.

14. STAGE 3 (NREM SLEEP)
In the third stage, heart rate and breathing slow down; there would
also be a decrease in brain activities. Low- amplitude waves are
recorded during half-seconds.
STAGE 4 (REM SLEEP)
Slow-wave sleep occurs in the 3rd and 4th stages of sleep. It indicates
synchronized neuronal activity.

15. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep and
Paradoxical sleep are similar. However, REM
is often used in humans, while paradoxical
sleep is for nonhumans, as other species
have no eye movements.

16. Neural
Control of
Arousal
01
02
Acetylcholine
is a vital neurotransmitter in the cerebral cortex, and it is
responsible for arousal. They produce activation and
cortical desynchrony when stimulated.
Norepinephrine
is released in locus coeruleus (dark blue place). They
spread through important regions of the brain that affect
arousal.

17. Neural
Control of
Arousal
03
04
Serotonin
plays an important part in activating behavior. It can be
found in the raphe nuclei, where other serotonergic
neurons are located.
Histamine
(synthesized from histidine) is the neurotransmitter that
influences wakefulness and sleep. It is located in the
tuberomammillary nucleus.
05
Hypocretin (Orexin)
is responsible for wakefulness and has
excitatory properties. They are active during
wakefulness and inactive during sleep.

18. In the neural control of slow-wave sleep, the ventrolateral
preoptic area plays a crucial role. Situated close to the
hypothalamus, this brain region regulates the onset and
maintenance of sleep.
On the other hand, regarding REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
sleep, one of the initial indicators is the presence of PGO
waves, which stands for "pons, geniculate, and occipital"
waves. These PGO waves represent bursts of phasic electrical
activity originating in the pons region of the brain.

19. The Five Major
Components of
Arousal
Mechanism in
the Brain Stem
of dorsolateral
pons and basal
forebrain.
Acetylcholinergic system
originating in the
raphe nuclei
Noradrenergic
system
originating in the
tuberomammillar
y nucleus of the
hypothalamus
Histaminergic system
from the
lateral
hypothalamus
Hypocretinergic
system
Ventrolateral preoptic
area (VLPA)
the neurons inhibit
brain regions that are
responsible for sleep
arousal
1.
2.
3.
5.4.

20. Interruptions of
Consciousness
During the state of sleep, there is a decrease in the responses to
stimuli. Low brain activities, with little to no response to outside stimuli
for an extended period, are characterized as coma, or the vegetative
state. The state in which a person shows occasional, short actions,
limited speech, and/or responses to stimuli is called a minimally
conscious state. On the other hand, doctors pronounce brain death
when a person no longer responds to any stimulus or when there are
no detected brain activities for 24 hours.

21. Sleep apnea
is the inability to breathe while
sleeping. Sleep impairments
contribute to cognitive loss,
especially in people with sleep
apnea and Alzheimer’s. It is
often caused by genetics and
old age.

22. is the frequent feeling of
being sleepy throughout
the day.

23. 1. Gradual and
sudden attacks
during the day.
Cataplexy Sleep paralysis Hypnagogic
hallucinations
or muscle weakness while the
person is still awake can be
triggered by heightened
emotions–anger, surprise, and
excitement.
is losing the ability to
move during or when
waking up.
occur when a person cannot
distinguish dreams from reality;
dreamlike experiences.

24. is responsible for maintaining
wakefulness. However, as a treatment,
physicians prescribe methylphenidate to
increase norepinephrine and dopamine
to regulate wakefulness.

25. is the repeated involuntary movement of the
legs and (sometimes) arms. Middle-aged
people often kick every 20 to 30 seconds,
which disturbs sleep. They often use
tranquilizers to minimize the movements.
PERIODIC LIMB
DISORDER

26. People with REM Behavior disorder move around during
their REM period, acting out their dreams. It includes
kicking or punching, often leading to self-injury damage to
other people and property. It often occurs in older adults
or those with Parkinson’s disease. The damaged pons cause
failure to inhibit large muscle movements.
REM Behavior Disorder

27. Night Terrors
occur during NREM (Non-REM) sleep,
wherein a person awakens screaming due
to intense anxiety or terror. It is more
common in children, triggered by the
content and images in their dreams.

28. Sleep talking
is often harmless and
common, occurring in REM
and non-REM sleep.

29. often occurs during the 3rd or 4th phase of
sleep. It is common in children. For adults, it is
mostly caused by sleep deprivation and
consumption of alcohol and drugs. Sleepwalking is
usually harmless. However, accidents may occur.
It is best to awaken the sleepwalker.
Sleepwalking

30. Thankyou!