Biological classification introduction..

Introduction to biological classification

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BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION

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Aristotlewastheearliesttoattemptamorescientificbasicfor
classification.
INTRODUCTION
Simple
morphological
characters for
Classification.

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Plants
Trees
Shrubs Herbs
Aristotleclassification….

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TheotherclassificationwhichAristotleclassifiedanimalsinto….
Animals with
Red Blood
Animals without
Red Blood
Animals
e.g. Mammals
Lizards
Birds
Fishes
e.g. Insects
Jellyfish

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Linnaeusmadetwokingdomsystemsofclassification.
Classification of the
Organisms into
Plants and animals
was easily done.
That includes
both Plants and
Animals.

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Twokingdom
Plantae
(Plants)
Animalia
(Animals)
Two kingdom system
of classification was
used till very recently.
LinnaeussystemdidnotdistinguishbetweentheEukaryotesand
Prokaryotes,UnicellularandMulticellularOrganisms,Photosynthetic
andnon-photosyntheticorganisms.

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Twokingdomclassificationincludedunderplants….
The character that
unified the whole
kingdom was the
presence of cell wall
in their cells.
Bacteria
Algae
Fungi
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

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Organismsaregroupedunderonecategoryeventhoughtheywidely
differothercharacters.
Linnaeus placed
Prokaryotic bacteria, blue-
green algae and other
groups under eukaryotes.
Blue-green algae Prokaryotic bacteria

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Twokingdomsystemincludedunicellularandmulticellular
organismsunderonegroup.
e.g. Chlamydomonas
and Spirogyra were
placed together under
algae.
Spirogyra
Chlamydomonas

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Theclassificationdidnotdifferentiatebetweentheheterotrophic
group(Fungi)andtheautotrophicgreenplants.
Consideringtheabovereasonstwokingdomclassificationfound
inadequateforclassificationorganisms.
Plants
The cell wall in fungi is
made up with chitin
while, in green plants it
has a cellulosic cell wall.
Chitin

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Classificationsystemoflivingorganismshaveundergoneseveral
changesovertime.
Aftertwokingdomsystem,classificationscientistsfeltthatother
characterslike…..
•Cellstructure
•Natureofcellwall
•Modeofnutrition
•Methodsofreproduction
•Evolutionaryrelationships
•Habitat
Haveundergoneseveralchangesoveraperiodofastime.

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Plantandanimalkingdomshavebeenconstantunderalldifferent
systems.
R.H.Whittaker1969proposedafivekingdomclassification.
R.H.Whittaker

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Fivekingdomclassification
MoneraProtista Fungi Plantae Animalia

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Characters
Five Kingdoms
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
ProkaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryotic
Noncellulosic
(Polysaccharide
+ amino acid)
Present in
some
Present
(without
cellulose)
Present
(cellulose)
Absent
Cell Type
Cell Wall
Nuclear
membrane
Absent Present Present Present Present
Body
Organisation
Cellular
Cellular
Multicellular
/loose tissue
Tissue/
organ
Tissue/organ/
organ system
Characteristics of
the five kingdoms

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Characters
Five Kingdoms
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Autotrophic
(chemosynthetic
and
photosynthetic)
and Heterotrophic
(saprophytic/para
sitic)
Autotrophic
(Photosynthetic)
and Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
(Saprophytic/
Parasitic)
Autotrophic
(Photosynthetic)
Heterotrophic
(Holozoic/
Saprophytic
etc.)
Mode of
nutrition

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Letuslookatthisfivekingdomclassification.
Allprokaryoticorganismsweregroupedtogetherunderkingdom
Monera.

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Unicellulareukaryoticorganismswereplacedinthekingdom
protista.
Chlamydomonas,Chlorella
e.g. Paramecium,Amoebae.g.
Chlamydomonas,
Chlorella
placed in plant
kingdom.
Paramecium,
Amoeba
placed in animal
kingdom.
FungiwereplacedinaSeparateKingdom.

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1.Aristotleclassificationsaremainlybasedon….
1) Morphological
2) Physiological
3) Secondary characters
4) All the above

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2.Twokingdomclassificationsareproposedby….
1) Aristotle
2) Linnaeus
3) Swami Nathan
4) none of these

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3.Accordingtotwokingdomsystemclassificationschlamydomonas
andspirogyraareplacedunder….
1) Fungi
2) Protista
3) Algae
4) None of these

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4.R.H.Whittakerproposed….
1) Multi kingdom classification
2) Phylogenetic classification
3) Five kingdom classification
4) None of these

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KINGDOM MONERA
AllprokaryoteslikeArchaebacteria,Eubacteria,Mycoplasmaand
Actinomycetesareincludedinthekingdommonera.
Archaebacteria:
Thesearethespecialmoneranssincetheyliveinsomeofthemost
harshhabitats.

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Extremesaltyareas(Halophiles).
Hotsprings(Thermoacidophiles).
Marshyareas(Methanogens).

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Archaebacteriadifferfromotherbacteriainhavingadifferentcell
wallstructure.
CellmembranecontainsBranchedChainLipids.
Methanogensisalsopresentinthegutoftheseveralruminant
animalssuchascowandbuffaloes.
Methanogens are
the producers of
methane gas.
Cellwalldoesnotcontainpeptidoglycanbutcontainspseudomurein.
This feature is
responsible for
their survival in
extreme conditions.

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Eubacteria:
Bacteriaarethemostabundantmicro-organisms.
Theyalsoliveinextremehabitatssuchashotsprings,deserts,snow
anddeepoceans.
Where very
few forms
can survive.
They occur
almost
everywhere.

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Manyofthebacterialiveinoronotherorganismsasparasitesand
someofthemassymbionts.
Bacteriaaregroupedunderfourcategoriesbasedontheirshape.
Spherical(Coccus)
Rodshaped(Bacillus)
Commashaped(Vibrium)
Spiralshaped(Spirillum)

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Bacteriaarecharacterizedbythepresenceofarigidcellwallconsists
ofpeptidoglycanalsocalledmureinormucopeptide.

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Theinfoldingsofthecellmembranecalledmesosomes.

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Geneticmaterialisbasicallynaked.
CellorganellesarenotfoundinbacteriaandinallProkaryoticcells.
Motilebacteriacontainoneormoreflagella.
Not enveloped
by nuclear
membrane.
Except
Ribosomes.

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Structureofbacteriaisverysimplebut,verycomplexinbehavior.
Bacteriaasagroupshowthemostextensivemetabolicdiversity.

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Someofthebacteriaareautotrophic.
Synthesize their
own food from
simpler in organic
substances.
Autotrophicbacteriaareoftwotypes
1.Photosyntheticautotrophs
2.Chemosyntheticautotrophs

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Majorityofthebacteriaareheterotrophicorheterotrophs.
Saprophytes→whichlivesondeadorganicmatter
They do not synthesize
their own food but
depend on other living
organisms (parasites).
Saprophytic bacteria

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Cyanobacteria
Theyhave‘Chlorophyll’similartogreenplants.
Cyanobacteriaareunicellular,colonialorfilamentous,aquaticor
terrestrialalgae.
Also referred to
as blue-green
algae.
Photosynthetic
autotrophs.

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Mostprimitiveorganismsshowoxygenicphotosynthesis.
TheprotoplasmofcyanobacterialcellisdifferentiatedintoaCentral
ColourlessCentroplasmwithchromatinmaterialandperipheral
pigmentedchromoplasm.

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Thecoloniesandtrichomesorfilamentsaresurroundedby
gelatinoussheath.
Theyformwaterbloomsinthepollutedwater.
Gelatinous sheath
The Red colour of red
sea is due to
Trichodesmium
erythriumpresent in it.

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Someoftheorganismsofcyanobacteriafixatmosphericnitrogenina
specializedcellscalledheterocyst’s.
NostocandAnabaena
e.g.

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Duringasexualreproductioncyanobacteriaformsspecialized
structurecalledHormogoniaorthickwalledakinetes.
Flagellaabsentinvegetativeorreproductivephases

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Chemosyntheticautotrophicbacteria
Oxidizevariousinorganicsubstancessuchasnitrates,nitritesand
ammoniaandusethereleasedenergyforATPproduction.
Plays important role
in recycling of
nutrients like
nitrogen, phosphorus,
iron and sulphur.

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MajorityofheterotrophicbacteriaareSaprophytesorDecomposers.
•Makingcurdfrommilk
•Productionofantibiotics
•Fixingnitrogeninlegumeroots
Significant
impact on
human affairs.

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Somearepathogens
Causingdamagetohumanbeingscrops,farmanimalsandpets.
Causativeagentsofmanydiseasessuchas……..
•Cholera
•Typhoid
•Tetanus
•Citruscanker

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ChemosyntheticAutotrophicBacteria
Reproduction
BacteriareproducemainlybyFission.
Duringunfavourableconditionsproducespores(endospores).

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SexualreproductionbyadoptingaprimitivetypeofDNAtransfer
fromonebacteriumtotheother.

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Mycoplasmas
Mycoplasmasaretheorganismsthatcompletelylackcellwall.
Mycoplasmasarepleomorphic.
Shape of the
organisms not
constant or exist in
various shapes.
Organism to alter
their shape or size in
response to
environmental
conditions.
Smallest living
cells can survive
without oxygen.
Previously called
pleuropneumonia
like organisms
(PPLO).

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Manymycoplasmasarepathogenicinplantsandanimals.
Witchesbroominplantse.g.
PleuropneumoniaincattleMycoplasmaurethritisinhumans

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Actinomycetes
Actinomycetesarebranchedfilamentousbacteriawhichforms
radiatingcoloniesinculture.
Cell wall
contains
mycolic acid.

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Mostofthemaresaprophytesanddecomposers.
Someofthemareparasitic.
MycobacteriumandCorynebacterium
e.g.

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AnumberofAntibioticsareproducedbyActinomycetes.
Members especially
the genus
streptomyces.
Streptomyces

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1.Bacteriawhichliveunderextremehotconditions….
1) Acidophilic bacteria
2) Thermoacidophiles
3) Methanogens
4) None of these

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2.Theinfoldingsofcellmembranearecalled….
1) Secondary structure
2) Mesosome
3) Chromatosomes
4) None of these

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3.Heterocyst'srelatestofollowingfunction….
1) Carbon fixiation
2) Nitrogen fixiation
3) Phosphorous fixiation
4) Magnesium fixiation

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4.Sporesorendosporesareformedduring….
1) Favourable conditions
2) Unfavourable conditions
3) Both 1 & 2
4) None of these

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Thank you…