Biology PPT on RNA AND DNA free to download

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1. PRESENTED BY:-
MANSI GUSAIN1.
KRISH2.
ROHAN3.
LAKSHIT4.
SHIVAM5.
RNA AND DNA

2. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions
used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known
living organisms and many viruses.
It consists of two long polymers of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and is
typically found in the cell nucleus.
Each nucleotide in DNA contains a phosphate group, a sugar molecule , and a
nitrogenous base
The discovery of the structure of DNA is credited to James Watson and Francis
Crick, aided by the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.
This discovery in 1953 laid the foundation for understanding genetics and
molecular biology and has had profound implications for fields such as medicine,
agriculture, and forensic science.
DNA

3. STRUCTURE OF DNA

4. DNA replication is the process of copying a DNA molecule to produce
two identical copies. It involves unwinding the double helix,
synthesizing new DNA strands using existing strands as templates,
and ensuring accuracy through proofreading mechanisms. Replication
occurs bidirectionally at multiple origins of replication, with one
continuous leading strand and one discontinuous lagging strand. The
end result is two complete and identical DNA molecules.
DNA Replication

5. Nucleotides are the basic units of DNA
Recognize the similarities between the terms:
◦Nucleotide
◦Deoxyribonucleic acid
◦nucleus.
A nucleotide is made of 3 components:
-A Phosphate
-A Nitrogen Base
- A Sugar
◦The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose.DNA IS MADE UP OF NUCLEOTIDES
STRUCTURE

6. TYPES OF DNA
A-DNA: It is found at a relative humidity of 75%. In an environment where there is a higher salt
concentration or ionic concentrations, such as K+, Na+, Cs+ or in a state of dehydration it
endures in a form that contains 11 nucleotide pairs with a rise of 2.56Å vertically per base pair.
B-DNA: The most common form, present in most DNA at neutral pH and physiological salt
concentrations, is B-form. It has 10 base pairs per turn from the helix axis. There is a distance
of 3.4Å with a helical diameter of 20Å. Watson-Crick’s double helix model is defined as a B-
form of DNA.
C-DNA: It is observed at a relative humidity of 66% and in the occupancy of a few ions such as
Lithium(Li+). It closely has 9.33 base pairs for every turn.
D-DNA: It is observed rarely as an extreme variant. The 8 base pairs are titled negatively from
the helix axis with an axial rise of about 3.03Å
Z-DNA: It is found in an environment with a very high salt concentration. Unlike the A, B, and C
types of DNA, it is a left-handed helical structure. The backbone is arranged in a zig-zag pattern
formed by the sugar-phosphate linkage wherein the recurrent monomer is the dinucleotide in
contrast to the mononucleotide, which is observed in alternate forms.

7. RNA
RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a molecule similar to DNA but with
some key differences. Like DNA, RNA is composed of
nucleotides, but it contains the sugar ribose instead of
deoxyribose found in DNA. Additionally, RNA typically exists as
a single-stranded molecule, although it can fold upon itself to
form complex structures.
RNA plays a crucial role in gene expression, regulation, and
protein synthesis within cells. In addition to its role in protein
synthesis, RNA can also function as an enzyme (ribozyme) and
as a regulator of gene expression through processes like RNA
interference (RNAi) and microRNA-mediated gene silencing.

8. STRUCTURE OF RNA

9. TYPES :- mRNA and tRNA
“Messenger” RNA is used to send messages
from DNA to be used elsewhere (e.g. create
proteins for hormones, repair cells, help the
immune system, etc.)
“Transfer” RNA uses “anticodons” to put
amino acids in the correct order of mRNA
codons

10. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RNA AND DNA

11. RNA DNA
Is a polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone
with four varying bases: uracil, cytosine, adenine and
guanine.
It is found in the cytoplasm, nucleus and in the
ribosome.
RNA is critical for the transmission of the genetic code
that is necessary for protein creation from the nucleus to
the ribosome
RNA is a single-stranded molecule which has a shorter
chain of nucleotides.
RNA does not replicate on its own. It is synthesized
from DNA when required.
The base pairing is as follows: GC (Guanine pairs with
Cytosine) A-U (Adenine pairs with Uracil).
It is a long polymer. It has a deoxyribose and phosphate
backbone having four distinct bases: thymine, adenine,
cytosine and guanine.
It is located in the nucleus of a cell and in the
mitochondria
The function of DNA is the transmission of genetic
information. It acts as a medium for long-term storage.
DNA is a double-stranded molecule that has a long
chain of nucleotides.
DNA replicates on its own, it is self-replicating.
The base pairing is as follows: GC (Guanine pairs with
Cytosine) A-T (Adenine pairs with Thymine).

12. PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS USING
RNA
Protein Synthesis = Making proteins
Examples include: Hormones,
Enzymes, Cell parts, Immune
response, etc.
Two steps are involved: Transcription
& Translation

13. Protein synthesis using RNA involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During
transcription, RNA polymerase builds a complementary RNA strand using DNA as a template. This
newly synthesized RNA, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the genetic information from the
DNA to the ribosomes. In translation, the mRNA is read by ribosomes, which assemble amino acids
into a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence, ultimately forming a protein. This
process involves transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which carry specific amino acids and pair with the
mRNA codons through complementary base pairing.
Protein Synthesis

14. DNA has numerous applications across various fields:
1. *Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering*: DNA technology is used to manipulate genes for various purposes, including the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), gene therapy,
and genetic testing.
2. *Forensics*: DNA fingerprinting is a crucial tool in forensic science for identifying individuals based on their unique DNA profiles, aiding in criminal investigations and paternity tests.
3. *Medical Research and Diagnosis*: DNA sequencing and analysis are essential in medical research for understanding genetic diseases, identifying genetic markers for diseases, and developing
personalized medicine.
4. *Agriculture*: DNA technology is used in agriculture for crop improvement through genetic modification, breeding programs, and disease resistance.
5. *Environmental Monitoring*: DNA analysis helps in monitoring and assessing biodiversity, tracking species populations, and identifying microbial communities in various ecosystems
6. *Archaeology and Anthropology*: DNA analysis of ancient remains provides insights into human evolution, migration patterns, and population genetics.
Applications Of DNA

15. Applications Of RNA
RNA has various applications across different fields:
1. *Gene Expression Regulation*: RNA interference (RNAi) is used to silence specific genes, providing insights into gene function and potential therapeutic
applications.
2. *Therapeutics*: RNA-based therapeutics, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA mimics, and antisense oligonucleotides, are being developed
for the treatment of diseases like cancer, genetic disorders, and viral infections.
3. *Vaccines*: RNA vaccines, like mRNA vaccines, have gained attention due to their potential for rapid development and versatility against various
pathogens. They've been notably used in the development of COVID-19 vaccines.
4. *Research Tools*: RNA molecules, such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), are widely used as research tools to study
gene function and manipulate gene expression in experimental systems.
5. *Diagnostic Tools*: RNA-based diagnostic tests, like reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, are used to detect RNA viruses,
gene expression levels, and genetic mutations associated with diseases.

16. THANK YOU!
REFERENCES
https://byjus.com/biology/difference-
between-dna-and-rna/
https://www.technologynetworks.com/
genomics/articles/what-are-the-key-
differences-between-dna-and-rna-
296719