6 Biomedical Device Technology
INTRODUCTION
Medical devices come with different designs and complexity. They can
be as simple as a tongue depressor, as compact as an implantable pacemak-
er, or as sophisticated as a heart lung machine. Although most medical
devices use similar technology as other consumer or industrial devices, there
are many fundamental differences between devices used in medicine and
devices used in other applications. This chapter will look at the definition of
medical devices and the characteristics that differentiate a medical device
from other household or consumer products.
According to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), a
medical device means:
Any instrument, apparatus, implement, appliance, implant, in vitro reagent or
calibrator, software, material or other similar or related article:
a) intended by the manufacturer to be used, alone or in combination, for
human beings for one or more of the specific purpose(s) of:
• diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment, or alleviation of disease,
• diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of, or compensation for an
injury,
• investigation, replacement, modification, or support of the anatomy or of
a physiological process,
• supporting or sustaining life,
• control of conception,
• disinfection of medical devices,
• providing information for medical purposes by means of in vitro exami-
nation of specimens derived from the human body, and
b) which does not achieve its primary intended action in or on the human body
by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, but which can be
assisted in its function by such means.
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines a med-
ical device as:
An instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro
reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component part, or acces-
sory which is:
• recognized in the official National Formulary, or the United States
Pharmacopoeia, or any supplement to them,
• intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the
cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other ani-
mals, or
• intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other
animals, and which does not achieve any of its primary intended purposes