Biomineralization

Biomineralization, mineral forming bacteria, gold depositing bacteria, magnetotactic bacteria and calcite forming bacteria

1. BIOMINERALIZATION By Saajida Sultaana Mahusook

2. biomineralization Living organisms produce minerals, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues. Such tissues are called mineralized tissues. All six taxonomic kingdoms contain members that are able to form minerals Over 60 different minerals have been identified in organisms. Organisms have been producing mineralized skeletons for the past 550 million years. Examples Silicates in algae and diatoms, carbonates in invertebrates, and calcium phosphates and carbonates in vertebrates. These minerals often form structural features such as sea shells and the bone in mammals and birds.

3. Mineral forming bacteria Gold depositing bacteria Cupravidus metallidurans

4. Kashefi and Brown have created acompact laboratory that uses the bacteria  Cupriavidus metallidurans  to turn gold chloride—a toxic chemical liquid found in nature—into 99.9% pure gold. The bacteria is incredibly resistant to this toxic element and it's 25 times stronger than previously thought. The researchers' compact factory—which they named  The Great Work of the Metal Lover —holds the bacteria as they feed it the gold chloride. In about a week, the bacteria does its job,  processing  all that junk into the precious metal—a process they believe happens regularly in nature.

5. Mineral forming bacteria Magnetospirillim magnetotacticum

6. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a diverse group of microorganisms having the ability to orient and migrate along geomagnetic field lines. It is based on specific intracellular organelles, the magnetosomes , which comprise nanometer-sized, membrane bound crystals of magnetic iron minerals organized into chains  via  a dedicated cytoskeleton. MTB are of great interest for paleomagnetism , environmental magnetism, biomarkers in rocks, magnetic materials and biomineralization in organisms, and bacterial magnetites have been exploited for a variety of applications in modern biological and medical sciences.

7. Calcite forming bacteria Calcite A common rock forming mineral of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), found primarily in limestone Used in cement production Calcite-forming bacteria A bacterium that forms calcite in the presence of calcium ions is known as calcite forming bacteria (CFB). Used in biocement, self healing concrete production, removal of heavy metals and CO2 sequestration.

8. Self-healing concrete

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