Biomolecules macromolecules

gk12 test 1 - 6-9-12

1. Biomolecules
The structures
Of Life.

2. Macromolecules
•Monomers= single units
•Polymer= many
monomers bound
together
•Monomers, the single
units, are polymerized
(joined together) to form
a polymer

3. 4 Biomolecules in living things
Four groups of organic compounds found in
living things are:
•carbohydrates
•lipids
•nucleic acids
•proteins

4. I.Carbohydrates
•Carbohydrates
• organic compound made
of C, H, & O.
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are usually
in the ratio of 1:2:1
C
6
H
12
O
6

5. Function of Carbohydrates
•Living things use carbohydrates as their main
source of energy
•Plants and some animals use them as
structural support

6. Examples of Carbohydrates
•Sugars
–Monosaccharides
–Disaccharides
–Polysaccharides

7. 3 types of sugars:
•Monosaccharides-
simple sugars ( 1 sugar
carbohydrate)
• Glucose & Fructose
•Disaccharides
–sucrose & Lactose ( 2
sugars linked together)
•Polysaccharides
–many simple sugars linked
together
Glucose
Sucrose

8. Fig. 5-2a
Dehydration removes a water
molecule, forming a new bond
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Longer polymer
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
HO
HO
HO
H
2O
H
HH
4321
1 2 3
(a)

9. •A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration
reaction joins two monosaccharides
•This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage
Animation: DisaccharidesAnimation: Disaccharides
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10. Fig. 5-2b
Hydrolysis adds a water
molecule, breaking a bond
Hydrolysis of a polymer
HO
HO HO
H
2O
H
H
H321
1 2 3 4
(b)

11. Fig. 5-3
Dihydroxyacetone
Ribulose
Ketoses
Aldoses
Fructose
Glyceraldehyde
Ribose
Glucose Galactose
Hexoses (C
6
H
12
O
6
)Pentoses (C
5
H
10
O
5
)Trioses (C
3
H
6
O
3
)

12. A monosaccharide is a
•A. carbohydrate
•B. lipid
•C. nucleic acid
•D. protein

13. •A. carbohydrate

14. How many sugars make up a disaccharide?
•A. one
•B. two
•C. three
•D. many

15. •B. two

16. Sugars, starches, and cellulose are all examples
of which group of biomolecules?
•A. proteins
•B. amino acids
•C. lipids
•D. carbohydrates

17. •D. carbohydrates

18. Storage Polysaccharides
•Starch, a storage polysaccharide of plants,
consists entirely of glucose monomers
•Plants store surplus starch as granules within
chloroplasts and other plastids
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19. Fig. 5-6
(b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide
Starch
GlycogenAmylose
Chloroplast
(a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide
Amylopectin
MitochondriaGlycogen granules
0.5 µm
1 µm

20. •Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals
•Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen
mainly in liver and muscle cells
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21. •Chitin, another structural polysaccharide, is
found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
•Chitin also provides structural support for the
cell walls of many fungi
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22. Fig. 5-10
The structure
of the chitin
monomer.
(a) (b) (c)Chitin forms the
exoskeleton of
arthropods.
Chitin is used to make
a strong and flexible
surgical thread.

23. Lipids
•Fats, oils, waxes, steroids (examples)
•Are made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
•Are not soluble in water (they are nonpolar)
•Hydrogen : oxygen ratio is greater than 2:1

24. Functions of Lipids
•Used to store energy
•Important part of biological membranes

25. Fig. 5-14
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
WATER
WATER

26. Steroids
•Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon
skeleton consisting of four fused rings
•Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a
component in animal cell membranes
•Although cholesterol is essential in animals, high
levels in the blood may contribute to
cardiovascular disease
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27. Fig. 5-15

28. •Saturated Lipids : Solid fats, animals
3. Unsaturated Lipids: Oils, plants

29. Fig. 5-12a
(a)Saturated fat
Structural
formula of a
saturated fat
molecule
Stearic acid, a
saturated fatty
acid

30. Fig. 5-12b
(b)Unsaturated fat
Structural formula
of an unsaturated
fat molecule
Oleic acid, an
unsaturated
fatty acid
cis double
bond causes
bending

31. •Hydrogenation is the process of converting
unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding
hydrogen
•Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates
unsaturated fats with trans double bonds
•These trans fats may contribute more than
saturated fats to cardiovascular disease
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32. Q. What is the difference between
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

33. A. Unsaturated fatty acids have a
carbon = carbon double bond.
Q. What is the difference between
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
C
10
H
20
O
2
C
10
H
18
O
2

34. Fig. 5-11a
Fatty acid
(palmitic acid)
(a)Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
Glycerol

35. Fig. 5-11b
(b)Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)
Ester linkage

36. •Biomolecules composed mainly of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 2
hydrogen for every 1 oxygen would be a
___________.
b.Carbohydrate
c.Proteins
d.Amino acids
e.Nucleic acids

37. •A. carbohydrate

38. •This atom is a major part of biomolecules, or
organic molecules.
A. helium (He)
B. fluorine (F)
C. carbon (C)
D. sodium (Na)

39. •C. carbon

40. The structural component of plant cell walls
b.cellulose
c.Starch
d.proteins
e.Glycogen

41. •C. cellulose

42. •Which of the following is not a polymer?
b.Starch
c.Glucose
d.Cellulose
e.chitin

43. •A. cellulose

44. •On food packages, to what does the term
"insoluble fiber" refer?
b.Polypeptide
c.Chitin
d.Starch
e.Cellulose

45. •D. cellulose

46. •A molecule with the chemical formula C
6
H
12
O
6

is probably a
b.Lipid
c.Protein
d.Carbohydrate
e.None of the above

47. •C. carbohydrate

48. •Cell membranes are made of
A. many lipids called phospholipids
B. long chains of sugar
C. amino acids and water

49. •A. many lipids called phospholipids

50. Which type of fat is healthy?
b.Saturated fats
c.Unsaturated fats

51. •B . Unsaturated fats

52. Proteins
•Organic compound made up of:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

53. 3. Proteins are essential to living things:
Proteins are needed to build & maintain
cells, digest food, growth, insulin, antibodies
for immunity, transmit heredity, movement.
4.Examples of Proteins:
◊ Hemoglobin – carries O2


◊ Actin – muscle contraction
◊ Saliva (Enzyme) – breakdown
Carbohydrates.
◊ Lactase (Enzyme) – digest lactose
sugar

54. Proteins
Polymers of amino acids
Amino Acids are linked
together to make
proteins.
Amino acids are the
monomers and proteins
are the polymers.

55. Amino acids
•There are 20 different amino acids that are
incorporated into proteins.
•All amino acids have an Amino Group (NH
2
), a
Carboxyl group (COOH), and an R-Group (unique side
chain that distinguishes that amino acid.

56. Amino Acid Monomers
•Amino acids differ in their properties due to
differing side chains, called R groups
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57. Fig. 5-UN1
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
g carbon

58. Fig. 5-17
Nonpolar
Glycine
(Gly or G)
Alanine
(Ala or A)
Valine
(Val or V)
Leucine
(Leu or L)
Isoleucine
(Ile or ()
Methionine
(Met or M)
Phenylalanine
(Phe or F)
Trypotphan
(Trp or W)
Proline
(Pro or P)
Polar
Serine
(Ser or S)
Threonine
(Thr or T)
Cysteine
(Cys or C)
Tyrosine
(Tyr or Y)
Asparagine
(Asn or N)
Glutamine
(Gln or Q)
Electrically
charged
Acidic Basic
Aspartic acid
(Asp or D)
Glutamic acid
(Glu or E)
Lysine
(Lys or K)
Arginine
(Arg or R)
Histidine
(His or H)

59. •The sequence of amino acids determines a
protein’s three-dimensional structure
•A protein’s structure determines its function
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60. Four Levels of Protein Structure
•The primary structure of a protein is its unique
sequence of amino acids
•Secondary structure, found in most proteins,
consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide
chain
•Tertiary structure is determined by interactions
among various side chains (R groups)
•Quaternary structure results when a protein
consists of multiple polypeptide chains
Animation: Protein Structure IntroductionAnimation: Protein Structure Introduction
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

61. Fig. 5-21
Primary
Structure
Secondary
Structure
Tertiary
Structure
S pleated sheet
Examples of
amino acid
subunits
+
H
3
N
Amino end
A helix
Quaternary
Structure

62. Fig. 5-21a
Amino acid
subunits
+
H
3N
Amino end
25
20
15
10
5
1
Primary Structure

63. Fig. 5-21d
Abdominal glands of the
spider secrete silk fibers
made of a structural protein
containing c pleated sheets.
The radiating strands, made
of dry silk fibers, maintain
the shape of the web.
The spiral strands (capture
strands) are elastic, stretching
in response to wind, rain,
and the touch of insects.

64. Fig. 5-21f
Polypeptide
backbone
Hydrophobic
interactions and
van der Waals
interactions
Disulfide bridge
Ionic bond
Hydrogen
bond

65. Sickle-Cell Disease: A Change in
Primary Structure
•A slight change in primary structure can affect a
protein’s structure and ability to function
•Sickle-cell disease, an inherited blood disorder,
results from a single amino acid substitution in
the protein hemoglobin
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66. Fig. 5-22c
Normal red blood
cells are full of
individual
hemoglobin
molecules, each
carrying oxygen.
Fibers of abnormal
hemoglobin deform
red blood cell into
sickle shape.
10 µm 10 µm

67. What Determines Protein Structure?
•In addition to primary structure, physical and
chemical conditions can affect structure
•Alterations in pH, salt concentration,
temperature, or other environmental factors
can cause a protein to unravel
•This loss of a protein’s native structure is called
denaturation
•A denatured protein is biologically inactive
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68. 5. All chemical reactions that take place in
the body are controlled by enzymes and
all enzymes are proteins.

69. Which of the following is NOT a
function of proteins?
•A. store and transmit heredity in the form of a
chemical code
•B. Help to fight disease (antibodies for
immunity)
•C. Control the rate of reactions and regulate
cell processes
•D. Build tissues such as bone and muscle

70. Answer
•A. store and transmit heredity in the form of a
chemical code

71. ___ link together to make up
proteins.
•A. sugars
•B. lipids
•C. amino acids
•D. nucleic acids

72. Answer
•C. amino acids

73. If you were trying to identify a structural
formula as protein, what would you look for?
•A. less than 2:1
•B. greater than 2:1
•C. 2:1
•D. an NH
2
& -COOH group, which are known as
an amino group and a carboxyl group

74. •D. an NH
2
& -COOH group, which are known as
an amino group and a carboxyl group

75. D. Nucleic Acids
•Function- transmits and stores genetic
information
•Composed of C, H, O, N & P (Phosphorous).

76. Structure of a nucleotide, the
monomer of a nucleic acid

77. 2 types of Nucleic acids
•1) Deoxyribonucleic acid
–Contains the sugar deoxyribose
–Double stranded
•2)Ribonucleic acid
–Contains the sugar ribose
–Single stranded

78. Fig. 5-26-1
mRNA
Synthesis of
mRNA in the
nucleus
DNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
1

80. The Structure of Nucleic Acids
•Nucleic acids are polymers called
polynucleotides
•Each polynucleotide is made of monomers
called nucleotides
•Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base,
a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
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81. Fig. 5-27
55 end
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base
Phosphate
group
Sugar
(pentose)
(b) Nucleotide
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
33 end
33C
33C
55C
55C
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
Cytosine (C)Thymine (T, in DNA)Uracil (U, in RNA)
Purines
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Sugars
Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA)
(c) Nucleoside components: sugars

82. Fig. 5-27c-1
(c) Nucleoside components: nitrogenous bases
Purines
Guanine (G)Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)Thymine (T, in DNA)Uracil (U, in RNA)
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines

83. E. Testing summary for Biomolecules
•Benedict’s solution = yellow or
reddish-orange for simple sugars.
•Iodine solution = black for starch
(complex carbohydrate)
•Biuret solution = violet for
protein.
•Sudan IV solution = red for lipids
5. Lipids = clear or translucent spot on brown
paper.

84. Question
•Which biomolecule is composed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorous. It also stores and transmits
genetic information?
b.Carbohydrates
c.Proteins
d.Lipids
e.Nucleic acids

85. Answer
•D. nucleic acids

86. DNA & RNA are two types of ____
•A. carbohydrates
•B. nucleic acids
•C. proteins
•D. lipids

87. •B. nucleic acids

88. All chemical reactions that take place
in the body are controlled by
•A. enzymes
•B. lipids
•C. sugars
•D. RNA

89. Answer
•A. enzymes

90. Which group of biomolecules do
enzymes belong to?
a.Lipids
b.Carbohydrates
c.Proteins
d.Nucleic acids

91. Answer
•C. proteins

92. Which biomolecule does deoxyribonucleic acid
belong to?
•A. carbohydrates
•B. lipids
•C. proteins
•D. nucleic acids

93. •D. nucleic acid

94. Which monomers contain N?
•A. carbohydrates
•B. lipids
•C. proteins
•D. nucleic acids

95. •C & D- proteins, nucleic acids

96. Some of these are inorganic
•A. carbohydrates
•B. lipids
•C. proteins
•D. none

97. •D. none

98. Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
•A. carbohydrates
•B. lipids
•C. proteins
•D. nucleic acids
•E. all of the above

99. •E. all of the above

100. Contain all the elements C,H, O, N, and P
•A. carbohydrates
•B. nucleic acids
•C. proteins
•D. lipids
•E. none

101. •B. nucleic acids

102. Examples are glucose, sucrose, and maltose
•A. carbohydrates
•B. lipids
•C. proteins
•D. nucleic acid
•E. none

103. •A. carbohydrate

104. Fats, oils, and waxes
•A. carbohydrates
•B. lipids
•C. proteins
•D. nucleic acids
•E. none

105. •B. lipids

106. Monomers made of sugar, N-base, and
phosphate
•A. carbohydrates
•B. lipids
•C. nucleic acid
•D. protein
•E. none

107. •C. nucleic acid

108. Enzymes are
•A. carbohydrates
•B. proteins
•C. lipids
•D. nucleic acids
•E. none

109. •B. proteins

110. THE
END