biomolecules presentation for science 10-1.pptx

Grade 10 lesson

1. biomolecules

2. learning OBJECTIVES 1. Define Biomolecules 2. differentiate the major categories of biomolecules in terms of structures, elemental composition, and classification; and 3. appreciate the vital role of biomolecules in our life.

3. It refers to any large molecule that is produced by a living organism, including large macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids. what is a biomolecules?

4. CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are probably the most abundant and widespread organic substances in nature, and they are essential constituents of all living things. They are formed by green plants from carbon dioxide and water during the process of photosynthesis. Commonly, carbohydrates are the major source of energy for the body. These are simple sugar, starch and cellulose.

5. All carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They may be classified into the following: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

6. monosaccharides From the prefix “mono” which means one, the monosaccharide is the simplest sugar and the basic sub unit of a carbohydrate. These compounds are white solids at room temperature. Because they have polar, hydroxyl (-OH) groups in their molecular structures are very soluble in water.

7. Examples of monosaccharides Including glucose also called dextrose, fructose and galactose . The most common monosaccharides are glucose and fructose .

8. Examples of monosaccharides

9. Glucose in water solution forms a ring made up of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom, and fructose in a water solution forms a ring made up of four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. Both compounds have five-OH groups in their structures. Compounds with the same molecular formulas are called isomers. So, glucose and fructose are isomers. Though they have the same molecular formula, these sugars cannot be used in the same way by cells in the body. The arrangement of the C, H, nd O atoms determines the shape and properties of each sugar. differences

10. These are composed of two units of sugars joined by O-glycosidic bonds. disaccharides

11. polysaccharides These consist of more than two sugar monomer units. They are also known as glycans. Starch is the chief storage form of carbohydrates in plants and the most important source of carbohydrates in human nutrition.

12. polysaccharides A starch molecule is a polysaccharide assembled from the simple sugar glucose; it can contain anywhere from five hundred to several hundred thousand glucose molecules joined by covalent bonds into a single structure. Starch is made up of two types of polysaccharides: amylose, which is a coiled or helical structure, and amylopectin, which is branched. Glycogen is also a polysaccharide that is similar to starch because it is also composed of alpha glucose units.

13. lipids You have learned that carbohydrates are important in providing “instant” energy for cells. There is another class of biomolecules called lipids that have the “job” of storing energy for later use. Lipids are also found in hormones and cell membrane components. For fats and lipids, their digestion is completed in the small intestine and is broken down primarily into fatty acids and glycerol.

14. Different classes of lipids include: Fatty acids: These are the simplest forms of lipids. They are composed of hydrocarbon chains of 4-36 carbons and one acidic group. They can be linear or branched. Moreover, fatty acids are the building blocks of other types of lipids. Waxes: These are esters of fatty acids and long-chain alcohols. They are composed of hydrocarbon chains of 14-36 carbons. They are synthesized by many plants and animals. However, the best-known wax is bee wax which is composed of an ester of palmitic acid with triacontanol alcohol.

15. Different classes of lipids include: 3. Phospholipids: These are composed of fatty acids, an attachment platform for fatty acids, a phosphate, and an alcohol attached to phosphate. They are part of the cell membrane of the organisms. 4. Glycolipids: These are lipids containing saccharide groups. They are constituents of the cell membrane and are involved in signal transductions. 5.Steroids: These are complex derivatives of triterpenes. For example, cholesterol is a constituent of the cell membrane and acts as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids.

16. proteins Proteins are unbranched polymers of amino acid residues. There are about 22 amino acids that are involved in the synthesis of proteins according to their location and function. Proteins are categorized into four groups depending on their structural organization:

17. Essential Amino Acids Adults only need to obtain eight of them: valine isoleucine leucine lysin histidine - is only essential for infants methionine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan

18. conditional amino acids arginine glutamine tyrosine cysteine glycine proline serine ornithine non-essential alanine asparagine aspartate

19. Peptide bond - When two amino acids react with each other in an acid-based reaction dipeptide - product of peptide bond because it is made up of two amino acid units polypeptides - Longer chains proteins - chains of 50 or more amino acids

20. proteins

21. Nucleic acids are molecules that code for hereditary traits by controlling the production of protein. Like proteins, nucleic acids are a long chain of polymers consisting of simpler units or monomers. Nucleic Acids

22. There are two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid; and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA found mainly in the cell nuclei contains the genetic information that codes for the sequences of amino acids in proteins. RNA is found in many places in the cell and carries out the synthesis of proteins. The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides.

23. They are made up of three parts: a five-carbon sugar (pentose), a phosphate group, and a ring-shaped base containing nitrogen. In this model the sphere represents a phosphate group, the pentagon represents a five–carbon sugar (pentose) and the rectangle represents a nitrogen-containing base.

24. thank you for listening!