Biopesticides

Biopesticdes natural pest killing substance .

1. BIOPESTICIDES Submitted to :- H.C.Negi ( Subject tutor) Submitted by :- Anjna Sharma Roll no. :- 2151018 M.Sc Botany ( 1 st Sem.)

2. BIOPESTICIDES Bio :- Involving life and living organisms . Pesticides :- Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest . ( killing substance ) Biopesticide is a formulation made from naturally occurring substances that controls pests by non toxic mechanisms and in ecofriendly manner. Biopesticides may be derived from animals (e. g. nematodes), plants (Chrysanthemum, Azadirachta ) and micro-organisms (e. g. Bacillus thuringiensis, Trichoderma, nucleopolyhedrosis virus), and include living organisms (natural enemies) etc . However, biopesticides are generally less toxic to the user and are non-target organisms, making them desirable and sustainable tools for disease management.

3. TYPES OF BIOPESTICIDES There are five categories of biopeticides :- Microbial pesticides Plant –incorporated- protectans (PIPs ) Biochemical pesticides Botanical pesticides Biotic agents

4. MICROBIAL PESTICIDES Microorganisms :- Entomopathogenic ( eg . Bacterium, fungus, virus or protozoan ) as the active ingredient . Microbial pesticides can control many different kinds of pests, although each separate active ingredients is relatively specific for its target pests. Microbial pesticides includes :- Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides and Growth regulators of microbial origin .

5. Some of the important microbial biopesticides 1. Bacillus thuringiensis :- Discovered in japan in early 20 th century and first become a commercial product in France in 1938 Control lepidopterous pests like American bollworm in cotton and stem borers in rice. When ingestes by pest larvae , Bt releases toxins which damage the mid gut of the pest , eventually killing it. Main sources for the production of Bt preparations are the strains of the subspecies kurstaki , galeriae and dendrolimus

6. AGROBACTERIUM RADIOBACTOR (AGROCIN) Used to treat roots during transplanting, that checks crown galls. Crown gall is a disease in peaches, grapevine, roses and various plant caused by soil born pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens The effective strains of A. radiobactor posses two imp. Features:- They are able to colonize host roots to a higher population density . They produce an antibiotic Agrocin that is toxic to A.tumefaciens .

7. Pseudomonas fluorescens ( Phenazine ) This bacteria is used to control damping off caused by Pythium sp. , Rhizoctonia solani , Gaeumannomyces graminis . • It has ability to grow quickly in the rhizosphere. Trichoderma Trichoderma is a fungicide effective against soil born diseases such as root rot . • This is also used against Nectria galligena , that causes silver leaf disease of fruit trees by entering through pruning wounds.

8. 2 . Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (PIPs) Plants can be given genes that help the plants' bodies make substances to fight pests. These self-made pesticides are called "plant-incorporated protectants" (PIPs). PIP-producing crops are sometimes called "genetically modified" (GM) or "genetically engineered" (GE) Pesticidal substances that plants produce from genetic material that has been added to the plant . • Eg : scientists can take the gene for the Bt pesticidal protein and introduce the gene into the plant's own genetic material. Then the plant, instead of the Bt bacterium, manufactures the substance that destroys the pest . • As the pest feed on such plants they will eventually die

9. 3. Biochemical pesticides They are naturally occurring substance to control pest by non-toxic mechanisms . • Biochemical pesticides include substances as insect sex pheromones, that interfere with mating that attract insect pest to traps . • The synthetic attractants- are used in one of four ways : i . As a lure in traps used to monitor pest populations ; ii. As a lure in traps designed to “trap out” a pest population ; iii. As a broadcast signal intended to disrupt insect mating iv . As an attractant in a bait containing an insecticide

10. 4. Botanical Pesticides Botanical pesticides are natural products that are effective against bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses and insect pests . They are highly biodegradable, have varied modes of action, are less toxic to humans, are non-pollutant and they are readily available in the environment • Several plant based insecticides as nicotinoids, natural pyrethrins , rotenoids , neem products etc are used . . • Neem products are effective against more than 350 species of arthropods, 12 species of nematodes, 15 species of fungi, three viruses, two species of snails and one crustacean species . • Azadirachtin , (, a substance extracted from neem seeds, is the primary insecticidal compound found in neem oil ) is a major active ingredient disrupt the metamorphosis of insects, effects the reproductive and digestive process of pest . • Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) was found most effective in reducing the larval • Neem bio-pesticides are systemic in nature and provide long term protection to plants against pests .

11. 5. Biotic agents/Natural enemies Predators:- • They consume several to many prey over the course of their development, they are free living and they are usually as big as or bigger than their prey . • lady beetles, rove beetles, many ground beetles, lacewings, true bugs such as Podisus and Orius , syrphid fly larvae, mantids , spiders , and mites such as Phytoseiulus and Amblyseius

12. Parasitoids :- Parasitoids are almost the same size as their hosts, and their development always kills the host insect. • An adult parasitoid deposits one or more eggs into or onto the body of a host insect or somewhere in the host’s habitat. • The larva that hatches from each egg feeds internally or externally on the host’s tissues and body fluids, consuming it slowly . • Later in development, the host dies and the parasitoid pupates inside or outside of the host’s body. • Bathyplectes , trichogramma , encarsia , muscidifurax etc

13. Need For Biopesticides Proper pest management is important factor for healthy and high yielding crop to fulfill the food demand for increasing population . • Chemical pesticides have accelerated land, air and water contamination. •They have been the main cause of insect resistance as well as adverse impacts on natural enemies and humans.

14. Advatages of Biopesticides Inherently less harmful and less environmental load, Designed to affect only one specific pest or, in some cases, a few target organisms, Often effective in very small quantities and often decompose quickly, thereby resulting in lower exposures and largely avoiding the pollution problems. When used as a component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, biopesticides can contribute greatly . Safe to natural enemies and higher organisms. Biodegradable : Rapid degradation of the active ingredient make it more acceptable. Cheaper, renewable, can be handled safely. Often have other uses like household insect repellents or are plants with medicinal properties . . There is great demand for residue free cotton garments, fruits, vegetables and beverages, large scale utilization of botanical pesticides will certainly help us in meeting international standards of quality and safety in these products.

15. Disadvatages of Biopesticides Slow effect . Lack persistence and wide spectrum activity. Rapidly degraded by UV light so residual action is slow. Effective dose is higher i . e. 30 ml/10 L especially in neem . Seasonal availability of plant products indicates the need for their storage . Not easily available everywhere. Poor water solubility and are generally not systemic in nature. All products applied followed by growers have not been scientifically verified.

16. Thankyou