Biosafety and Biosecurity of Vibrio cholerae .pptx

Biosafety and Biosecurity of Vibrio cholerae

1. BACTERIA : Vibrio cholerae FAMILY : Vibrionaceae

2. Characteristics of Vibrio cholerae DESCRIPTION Gram negative Non spore forming Curved rod shape Motile with one single flagellum Known as Blue Death. PATHOGENICITY Some serovars produce toxin cholera which is infectious. It causes watery diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and dehydration. HOST RANGE Humans, fish, water birds INFECTIOUS DOSE 10 6 to 10 11 ingested vibrios (depends on gastric acidity). MODE OF TRANSMISSION Consumption of contaminated water and seafood.

3. INCUBATION PERIOD Few hours to 5 days after infection. DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY / DRUG RESISTANCE Susceptible to antibiotics like Tetracycline and Ciproflaxin. Resistant to Nalidixic acid. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISINFECTANTS 2-5% phenol, 70% ethanol, 4% formaldehyde, 1% sodium hypochlorite. PHYSICAL INACTIVATION Sensitive to cold ( loss of viability after 0 degree temp.) SURVIVAL OUTSIDE HOST It can survive in well water for 1-7 days. In foods and drinks for 1-14 days at room temp.

4. LABORATORY HAZARDS Handling of sharps (needles, blades, broken glass etc.). Splash ( shaking incubators, liquid culturing). Equipment contamination. Risk is higher in people with no gastric acids. LABORATORY ACQUIRED INFECTIONS (LAIs): 12 cases of infection with 4 deaths were reported up to 1979. The deaths were associated with mouth pipetting, contact with infectious feces and contaminated laboratory laundry.

5. LABORATORY HANDLING GUIDELINES Risk group = 2 All containment requirements in BSL-2. Attenuated strain vaccine for new researcher. Lab safety training. Personnel protection equipment (PPE) includes single gloves, lab coat and goggles. Use leak proof containers for storage. AFTER EXPOSURE: Eyewash for 15 mins at eyewash station. Allow spills to settle down, cover with paper towels and apply disinfectant from periphery towards center.

6. FUNGUS: Blastomyces dermatitidis FAMILY: Ajellomycetaceae

7. Characteristics of Blastomyces dermatitidis DESCRIPTION Dimorphic fungus. Mold form in environment (soil). Yeast form in human tissue. PATHOGENICITY Infection can cause Blastomycosis which can be pulmonary (mild cough) or cutaneous (skin lesions). HOST RANGE Humans and canines ( dogs, wolves, jackals). INFECTIOUS DOSE Unknown MODE OF TRANSMISSION Inhalation, dog bites, intra-uterine transmission.

8. INCUBATION PERIOD 30-45 days DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY / DRUG RESISTANCE Susceptible to Intraconazole, Amphotericin B. Resistant to Hygromycin B. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISINFECTANTS Sodium hypochlorite, formaldehyde, phenolic compounds and hydrogen peroxide. PHYSICAL INACTIVATION Moist heat at 121°C for 15 mins. SURVIVAL OUTSIDE HOST Survive best in moist acidic soils.

9. LABORATORY HAZARDS LABORATORY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS (LAIs): 11 reported cases with 2 deaths. Blastomycosis has been acquired in the laboratory as a result of transcutaneous inoculation of the yeast form and from inhalation of conidia. Yeast forms may be present in tissues of infected animals and in clinical specimens, mold form cultures

10. LABORATORY HANDLING GUIDELINES Risk group = 3. All containment requirements in BSL-3. Lab safety training. Personnel protection equipment (PPE) includes single gloves, lab coat with tight wrists and respiratory protection. Use leak proof containers for storage. Allow aerosols to settle, cover spill with paper towels and apply an appropriate disinfectant from periphery towards the center. Allow sufficient contact time (30 mins) before clean up.

11. VIRUS : Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) FAMILY : Retroviridae

12. Characteristics of HIV DESCRIPTION Retrovirus Enveloped virus with Icosahedral symmetry Two strains recognized HIV-1 and HIV-2. PATHOGENICITY HIV infects lymphocytes and neurological cells resulting in immunodeficiency which leads to Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HOST RANGE Humans INFECTIOUS DOSE Unknown MODE OF TRANSMISSION Sexually transmitted infection. Blood transfusion. Sharing injecting equipment.

13. INCUBATION PERIOD Time from HIV infection to diagnosis of AIDS is less than 1 year to 15 years. DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY / DRUG RESISTANCE Antiretroviral agents naming the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and proteinase inhibitors (PIs). Mutation can cause resistance. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISINFECTANTS Susceptible to fresh 2% glutaraldehyde, hypochlorite and NaOH. PHYSICAL INACTIVATION HIV is inactivated by ultraviolet (UV) light. PH higher or lower than 7.1. Temp. of 60° C for 30 mins. SURVIVAL OUTSIDE HOST HIV can remain viable in blood in syringes at room temperature for 42 days.

14. LABORATORY HAZARDS Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, amniotic fluid, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid can be HIV sources. Faeces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, saliva, tears, and urine, are not considered infectious. Contaminated sharp objects, and direct contact of non-intact skin or mucous membranes with HIV-infected specimens. The numbers of laboratory acquired infections are low.

15. LABORATORY HANDLING GUIDELINES Risk group = 3. All containment requirements in BSL-3. Solid-front gowns with tight-fitting wrists, gloves, and respiratory protection should be worn over laboratory clothing when infectious materials are directly handled. The use of needles, syringes, and other sharp objects should be strictly limited. Infectious material should be stored in sealed, leak-proof containers that are appropriately labelled .

16. GROUP MEMBERS CONTRIBUTION ORAL PRESENTATION : TEHREEM TAYYABA KIRAN DATA COLLECTION : NAZIA MARINA HAREEM SLIDES PREPARATION : MARYAM