Biosensor

A biosensor is a compact analytical device incorporating a biological or biologically derived sensing element either associated or integrated within a physicochemical transducer
Here are some slides to discuss about biosensors and their application which we prepared in graduation.

1. MANGALAYATAN UNIVERSITY Institute Of Bio-Medical Education & Research B.Tech (BT) 6 th Semester Group-2 Divya Srivastava (2009ebt002) Ajay Pratap Singh (2009ubt007) Saumya Srivastava (2009ebt001) Gunjan Kumari (2008ubt030) Topic- Applications of Biosensors in Agriculture Coordinator- Ms. Nida Alam

2. What is a Biosensor?

3. Components of a Biosensor Detector

4. Father of the Biosensor Professor Leland C Clark Jnr 1918–2005

5. 1. LINEARITY Linearity of the sensor should be high for the detection of high substrate concentration. 2. SENSITIVITY Value of the electrode response per substrate concentration. 3 . SELECTIVITY Chemicals Interference must be minimised for obtaining the correct result. 4. RESPONSE TIME Time necessary for having 95% of the response. Basic Characteristics of a Biosensor

6. Biosensor Analyte Sample handling/ preparation Detection Signal Analysis Response

7. Example of biosensors Pregnancy test Detects the hCG protein in urine. Glucose monitoring device (for diabetes patients) Monitors the glucose level in the blood.

8. Example of biosensors Infectous disease biosensor from RBS

9. Biosensor A biosensor is a compact analytical device incorporating a biological or biologically derived sensing element either associated or integrated within a physicochemical transducer

10. Types of Biosensors used Electrochemical Biosensors Electrochemical biosensors are based on monitoring electroactive species that are either produced or consumed by the action of the biological components (e.g ., enzymes and cells).

11. Calorimetric Biosensors Sensors based on calorimetric transduction are designed to detect heat generated or consumed during a biological reaction; by using sensitive heat detection devices.

12. Optical Biosensors These sensors are based on measuring responses to illumination or to light emission. Optical biosensors can employ a number of techniques to detect the presence of a target analyte and are based on well-founded methods including chemiluminescence , fluorescence, light absorbance, phosphoresence , photothermal techniques, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), light polarization and rotation, and total internal reflectance.

13. Acoustic Biosensors Piezoelectric quartz crystals can be affected by a change of mass at the crystal surface; this phenomenon has been successfully exploited and used to develop acoustic biosensors. For practical applications, the surface of the crystal can be modified with recognition elements (e.g., antibodies) that can bind specifically to a target analyte .

14. Immunosensors Immunosensors are based on exploiting the specific interaction of antibodies with antigens. Typically , immunoassays (such as the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique) employ a label (e.g ., enzyme, antibody , fluorescent marker) to detect the immunological reaction. The use of biosensor platforms , linked to an immunoassay format, offers a route to rapid and accurate quantitative measurements of target analytes .

15. Potential Applications Clinical diagnostics Food and agricultural processes Environmental (air, soil, and water) monitoring Detection of warfare agents.

16. Food Analysis Study of biomolecules and their interaction Drug Development Crime detection Medical diagnosis (both clinical and laboratory use) Environmental field monitoring Quality control Industrial Process Control Detection systems for biological warfare agents Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement organs Application of Biosensor

17. Biosensors play a part in the field of environmental quality, medicine and industry mainly by identifying material and the degree of concentration present

18. Application of biosensor in Agriculture

19. Application of biosensor in aggriculture Fruit quality monitoring is one of the major concerns within the food industry Need to develop analytical instruments for quality monitering . Biosensors - Highly selective analytical instruments & have been applied in an array of disciplines including medicine , industry, environmental analysis, food technology , and military

20. The selection of a particular foodstuff by a consumer is largely based on sensory perceptions Taste T he aroma S hape C olor of the foodstuff Therefore; rapid, portable and accurate methods for the assessment of fruit quality and physiological state are required . Due to their numerous attributes, biosensors potentially offer an accurate , fast, relatively cheap, stable, portable and user-friendly device for in situ monitoring of fruit maturity and quality.

21. Necessity of Food/ Fruit Quality Control Quality control is the essential part of a food industry and efficient quality assurance is becoming increasingly important. Consumers expect good quality and healthy food at a given price good shelf life and high safety food producers are increasingly asking for efficient control Methods M ain aim is to satisfy the consumer and regulatory requirements and to improve the production feasibility, quality sorting, automation and reduction of production cost and production time subsequently.

22. Fruit Maturity, Ripening and Quality Relationships: Fruit maturity at harvest is the most important factor that determines shelf life and final fruit quality. Major organic acids in fruits Organic acids function in growth, maturation, senescence , color , and antimicrobial activity of fruits. The low pH of fruits is due to the three most common organic acids present in fruits citric acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid. The total amount of acid in fruits varies widely, from about 0.2% in pear juice to 0.8% in limejuice. The amount and type of acid present in fruits determine the fresh taste of fruits and also affects the shelf life.

23. Organic Acid Biosensors Pyruvic Acid Onion flavour is principally directed by the perception of pungency. A disposable prototype electrochemical screen-printed (carbon-based) biosensor was constructed using pyruvate dehydrogenase immobilized on mediated Meldolas Blue electrodes and a combined Ag/ AgCl reference/counter electrode, both screen-printed onto a PVC substrate to determine pungency in onions. Electrochemical measurements were carried out using a Palm Sense potentiostat The biosensor developed was able to differentiate between mild and pungent bulbs with pyruvate concentrations ranging between _4 and 8 mM in freshly extracted juices.

24. Glucose Biosensors Most of the glucose biosensors developed are based on immobilized glucose oxidase . In many cases, glucose oxidase has been associated with mediators so as to bring down the high working potential required for hydrogen peroxide breakdown The â- Dglucose sensor developed was also based on glucose oxidase , at the working potential of -350 mV vs. Ag/ AgCl , hydrogen peroxide was catalytically oxidized at a rhodinised carbon electrode

25. Sucrose biosensor Sucrose is an essential part of any fruit, so estimating the concentration of sucrose at different maturity levels could help in identifying the ripening parameters of fruits. Therefore, with regard to sucrose detection, electrodes made upof invertase , mutarotase and glucose oxidase and mediated tri-enzyme electrode based on sucrose phosphorylase and electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH, have been used. sucrose sensors have been operated in tandem with glucose oxidase sensors.

26. Ascorbic acid sensor Ascorbic acid has been measured both by direct electrochemical oxidation and by enzymatic methods using ascorbate oxidase . In the first case, an ascorbate oxidase electrode was used to measure the signal generated by other electroactive interferents in the analyte . The second method was based on the measurement of oxygen consumed during the enzyme- catalysed oxidation of ascorbic acid using Clark Electrode

27. Benzoic Acid Biosensor An amperometric benzoic acid-sensing inhibitor biosensor was prepared by immobilizing mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) tissue homogenate on a Clarktype oxygen electrode The biosensor responded linearly to benzoic acid in a concentration range of 25–100 mM and Standard deviation ( s.d .) was found to be ±0.49 μM for 7 successive determinations at a concentration of 75 μM

28. Fructose Biosensor A superior amperometric biosensor based on a solid binding matrix (SBM) composite transducer has been used for the determination of d-fructose in various food samples. The enzyme, d-fructose dehydrogenase , was incorporated directly into a solid composite transducer containing both 2-hexadecanone as SBM and chemically modified graphite. The current variation caused by the presence of d-fructose was calculated amperometrically using Hexacyanoferrate (iii) as a redox mediator.

29. The use of biosensors technology for food safety will facilitate complying with international quality and safety standards, allowing for the efficient, safe and reliable detection and quantification of pathogenic microorganisms involved in food borne illnesses and inorganic contaminants that threaten consumer health. However, the detection of small concentrations of chemical and biological polluting substances in products for human and animal consumption is still needed.

30. Utility Biosensors for applications in Agriculture – A Review J.S Rana *, Jyoti Jindal , Vikas Beniwal , Vinod Chhokar Department of Bio & Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar , Haryana 125001, India. [email protected] Adams, M. R., Jessup, W. and Celermajer , D.S. (1997) Cigarette smoking is associated with increased human monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells: reversibility with oral L- arginine but not vitamin C. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 29(3): 491-497. Adams, M.R., McCredie, R., Jessup, W., Robinson, J., Sullivan, D. and Celermajer , D.S. (1997) Oral L- arginine improves endothelium-dependent dilatation and reduces monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in young men with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis, 129(2): 261-269. Adinarayana , K., Jyothi , B. and Ellaiah , P. (2005) Production of Alkaline Protease with immobilized cells of Bacillus subtilis PE-11 in various matrices by entrapment techniques. AAPS PharmaSciTech ., 6(3): 391-397. Aguirre, R. and Kasche , V. (1983) Catalytically active monomer forms of immobilized arginase . Eur J Biochem ., 130: 373-381.

31. Thankyou