Biosensors: An Easier Way of Diagnosis

A Presentation on Biosensors

1. Biosensors PRESENTED BY: PRATHMESH SHIRSEKAR GUIDED BY: MR. NITIN KOLHE (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR) LSHGCT’s GAHLOT INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY BIOSENSOR 1

2. CONTENT Definition of Biosensors Components Principle Characteristics Types Application Advantages Conclusion 2

3. WHAT IS BIOSENSOR? A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electric signal proportional to an single analyte which is then conveyed to an detector. In 1962 Professor Leland Clark published the first example of an enzyme electrochemical biosensor by entrapping glucose oxidase in a dialysis membrane over Clark type oxygen electrode. 3

4. COMPONENTS OF BIOSENSOR Sensor- recognizes the biological element, concentration of analyte. Transducer- converts the biological element reaction into a electric signal. Detector- amplification & display of the signal. 4

5. PRINCIPLE OF BIOSENSOR Biosensors works on principle of signal transduction and biorecognition of elements. 5

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOSENSOR Selectivity : The ability of a bioreceptor to detect a specific analyte . Reproducibility : The ability to generate identical responses. Stability : The degree of susceptibility to ambient disturbances in and around the biosensing system. Sensitivity : Value of the electrode response per substrate concentration. Linearity : The accuracy of the measured response. 6

7. TYPES OF BIOSENSOR Electrochemical Biosensor Amperometric Potentiometric Conductometric Thermometric Biosensors Optical Biosensors Piezoelectric Biosensors 7

8. ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSOR These biosensors detect electrons, ionic or conductance changes. Amperometric biosensors are used to detect glucose by glucose oxidase, enzyme catalyzed redox reaction by using Clark-electrode. Potentiometric biosensors are used to detect changes in ionic concentrations by pH electrode. ISFET biosensors are used to monitor intra myocardial pH during open heart surgery. Conductometric Biosensor is the urea biosensor which detects the concentration of NH4+ ions which is directly proportional to urea present in the sample. 8

9. THERMOMETRIC BIOSENSOR Based on the principles of calorimetry which requires the measurement of temperature changes. Thermal biosensors typically use thermistors which are temperature dependent resistors, as detector unit. Detects pesticides, pathogenic bacteria. 9

10. OPTICAL BIOSENSOR These biosensors works on optical measurement. These sensors involve antibodies & enzymes like the transducing elements. The optical fibers allow detection of the sensing elements based on the different properties of light like absorption, scattering & fluorescence. 10

11. PIEZOELECTRIC BIOSENSOR Piezoelectricity is the process of using crystals to convert mechanical energy in to electric energy. These biosensors a uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain or force by converting them to an electrical charge. 11

12. WEARABLE BIOSENSOR 12

13. APPLICATION OF BIOSENSOR Environmental Monitoring Food Industry Agricultural Industry Drug Discovery Pathogen Detection Study of biomolecules and their interaction Medical Diagnosis Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement organs 13

14. APPLICATION OF BIOSENSOR In Food Industry : Biosensors are used for the detection of pathogen in food. Presence of Escherichia coli in vegetables, is a bioindicator of faecal contamination in food. E.coli has been measured by detecting variation in pH caused by ammonia using potentiometric alternating biosensing systems. Enzymatic biosensors used in dairy industry. 14

15. APPLICATION OF BIOSENSOR In Medical field : Glucose biosensors are widely used in clinical applications for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus A novel biosensor based on hafnium oxide (HfO2) has been used for early stage detection of human interleukin. These are also used for detection of cardiovascular diseases. 15

16. APPLICATION OF BIOSENSOR In Drug Discovery & Drug Analysis : In pharmaceutical industry for monitoring chemical parameters in the production process. Affinity for biosensors high- through put screening of bioprocess- produce antibodies and for drug screening. Oligonucleotide- immobilized biosensors for interaction studies between a surface linked DNA with a target drug. 16

17. APPLICATION OF BIOSENSOR In Environmental monitoring : The biosensors find wide applications for measurement, estimation and control of water, air and soil contaminants. Determination of pesticides can be made by potentiometric biosensor. While water pollution check from herbicide done by amperometric biosensor. Concentration of ammonia can be determined with microbe biosensor with the cells of Nitrosomonas sp. 17

18. NANO BIOSENSOR The ultimate goal is to detect any biochemical & biophysical signal associated with a specific disease at the level of a single molecule or cell. They can be integrated in to other technologies such as lab-on-a-chip to facilitate molecular diagnostics. Eg. Detection of micro-organisms in various sample monitoring of metabolites in body fluids & detection of tissue pathology such as cancer. 18

19. ADVANTAGES OF BIOSENSOR Rapid and Continuous Measurements Fast response time Very Specific User Friendly Equipment free Cost Effective Long Shelf life 19

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21. CONCLUSION Biosensor development started around 50 years ago with the development of an “enzyme electrode” for glucose monitoring in blood. Since then, biosensor development is ongoing, with clinical applications still being one of the main driving forces. Application of biosensors in medical diagnosis is extremely successful and has widened to agriculture, environmental and food industries. The wearable sensors have greatest impact on the health care & detection of disease. Research studies are being undertaken to develop simple, sensitive and cost effective biosensor technologies. So we conclude that, Biosensors are very powerful technology, it provide rapid detection with low cost & higher sensitivity & specificity. 21

22. REFERENCE Biosensors: Wearable Trend & Monitoring Disease & HealthCare, International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), Gonewar J.V, Solanke R.B, Gadade A.B, ISSN:2320 2882. Wearable Biosensors, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology(IJERT), Pushakar Rawat, Kritika Sharma, ISSN: 2278 0181. Review on Biosensors and their Applications, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), Dr. Hariprasad S.A, ISSN: 2349 5162. Biosensors: Current tool for Medication and Diagnosis, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Punasiya Rakesh, Patel Pramod, Pillai Sujit, ISSN: 2231 5691. Biosensors: Growth and Market Scenario, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology (RJPT), Ira Shukla, V Suneetha, ISSN: 0974 3618. Biosensors: Functions and Applications, Journal of Biology and Today’s World, Reza Kazemi-Darsanaki, Azadeh Azizzadeh, ISSN: 2322 3308. 22

23. THANK YOU 23