Biowaste Management and Its Utilization in Crop Production.pptx

Bio-waste management involves the collection, treatment, and recycling of organic waste to reduce environmental impact. Proper utilization in crop production includes composting, vermiculture, and biofertilizers, enhancing soil fertility and sustainability. This eco-friendly approach minimizes waste, improves crop yield, and promotes sustainable agriculture.

1. Bio-Waste Management and Its Utilization in Crop Production Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu Division of Agronomy DOCTORAL SEMINAR (AGRON-691) Vivek Bhagat Ph.D. Scholar

2. Content

3. Biowaste is a waste that comes from a wide range of sources including animal wastes, plant wastes, domestic wastes, commercial wastes and industrial solid etc. Biological waste management involves the collection of waste from waste producing sources, transport, processing, disposal or recycling The waste has been steadily increasing due to the increasing human population, changes in their lifestyles and consumption patterns, urbanization, food grain production, economic growth, and industrialization Currently, 3 billion residents of world cities generate about 1.2 kg solid waste per capita per day According to the report of CPCB, 2019-20; India generates 1,52,076 tonnes of solid waste per day (Central Pollution Control Board annual report, 2019-20) In India about 500–550 Mt of crop residues , 48 Mt MSW , 9 Mt sugarcane waste and 4.5 Mt food processing industries waste are produced annually ( Indoria et al., 2018) Introduction

4. Sources of Bio-waste Agriculture & Agro -industry waste Crop residue Weed residue Rice husk Sugarcane press mud & bagasse Cotton and coconut industries etc. Animal Waste Excreta Urine Slaughter house waste Food industry waste Fruit Vegetables Forest Waste Litter (Dry leaves) Municipal waste Garbage Sewage and sludge Dry Waste Wet Waste Canes Bottles Pipes etc. Kitchen waste

5. Associated Threats Threats Infectious Disease Transmission Environmental Contamination Antibiotic Resistance Occupational Hazards Chemical Hazards Public Safety & Aesthetics

6. Steps to be followed for waste management Identify the types of waste Identify the sources of waste Determine the potential health hazards from waste Determine the volume of waste generated Identify safe collection methods Identify safe transportation methods Identify safe disposal methods

7. Composting Recycling Incineration Disposal Methods Landfills

8. Landfills

9. Constraints of landfills

10. Compost production through agriculture & agro-industry waste Crop residue, Cow dung, Food waste

11. Vermicompost production process th layer ( Vermibed ) 1 st layer (coco peat) 2 nd layer (cow dung) 3 rd layer (vegetable and leaf waste) 4 th layer (soil and earthworm ) N: 0.5-1.5 % P: 0.1-0.4 % K: 0.15-0.56 % Source: TNAU

12. Main Inputs: Coir Pith, Poultry Manure, Lime & Rock Phosphate Sprinkling of water Turn Compost once in 15 Days Coir Compost is ready after 50-60 days Composting of coir-pith Size: 4 m × 2 m × 1 m Heaps covered with gunny bags

13. Sugarcane Preparation of Sugarcane Juice Sugarcane Crusher Sugarcane Juice Purification of Juice Bagasse Combustion Bagasse Bagasse Ash Sugarcane Molasses Compost Sugar industry waste production process NPK (1.25:2.5:2%) & 2.0-2.5 % OM

14. Generation of sewage is increasing due to rapid urbanization. The viable option left for sludge management is its utilization in agriculture as a source of organic matter and plant nutrients and enable reduction cost for mineral fertilizers. Sewage sludge (biosolids), which is enriched with nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter and other trace elements, and helps to improve soil properties. But excessive application of sewage sludge cause plant toxicity due to accumulation of heavy metals in soils. Therefore, recycling of sludge for agricultural purpose seems to be an appealing solution for sustainable management of sludge . Sludge Composting Sewage Sludge Sewage Sludge (Municipal Waste)

15. Sewage waste treatment process Upadhyay et al., 2024 Sewage Mass Dehydration Centrifugation Drying Filter press Hygienization Chemical agent Increase temperature Biochar enriched of C, N, P, K, Fe and Mg Digestate enriched of N, P and K Stabilized Sludge Bio-oil Biogas Pyrolysis Anaerobic Digestion

16. Recycling

17. Incineration Open Incineration Controlled Incineration

18. Constraints of incineration

19. RESEARCH FINDINGS

20. Table 1. Effect of organic amendments on microbial population Organic amendment Bacteria ( cfu x 10 7 /g ) Fungi ( cfu x 10 5 /g ) Actinomycetes ( cfu x 10 6 /g ) 30 DAI 45 DAI 30 DAI 45 DAI 30 DAI 45 DAI Control 2.5 2.7 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.4 FYM 4.5 4.6 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.5 Sludge 4.6 4.7 2.0 2.1 2.7 3.0 Poultry manure 3.5 3.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 2.1 Fresh cow dung 4.1 4.1 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.4 Lantana camara 3.4 3.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.8 LSD(0.05) 2.20 2.26 1.70 2.08 2.16 1.68 Kumari et al., 2014 Journal of Crop and Weed

21. Treatments Grain yield (q/ha) Stover yield (q/ha) Available N (kg /ha) Available P (kg /ha) Available K (kg /ha) T 1 - Control 16.64 34.80 113.02 12.59 214.33 T 2 - LSM (2.5 t/ ha ) 19.31 36.73 126.63 13.49 263.33 T 3 - WHM ( 2.0 t/ ha ) 18.32 35.20 120.54 13.70 259.00 T 4 - PSM (2.5 t/ ha ) 17.38 35.10 122.68 12.87 257.67 T 5 - LSM (2.5 t/ ha ) + FYM (20 t/ ha ) 20.21 38.74 132.93 15.21 268.00 T 6 - WHM ( 2.0 t/ ha ) + FYM (20 t/ ha ) 20.15 38.70 128.53 15.74 211.33 T 7 - PSM( 2.5 t/ ha ) + FYM ( 20 t/ ha ) 19.61 37.33 130.93 14.08 256.33 T 8 - LSM (2.5 t/ ha ) + FYM (20 t/ ha ) + VC (20 t/ ha ) 23.20 43.56 139.90 16.43 286.33 T 9 - WHM ( 2.0 t/ ha ) + FYM (20 t/ ha ) +VC (20 t/ ha ) 22.69 42.52 133.03 16.19 280.00 T 10 - PSM( 2.5 t/ ha ) + FYM ( 20 t/ ha ) + VC (20 t/ ha ) 21.44 40.72 135.56 15.25 270.67 SEm ± 1.62 0.73 0.28 1.27 0.51 C.D. (p= 0.05) 4.83 2.16 0.82 3.77 1.52 Table 2. Effect of mulching and organic nutrients on yield and available NPK under pearl millet crop in rainfed condition Meena et al. (2017) International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences LSM- Legume straw mulch, WHM- Water hyacinth mulch, PSM-Paddy straw mulch, VC- Vermicompost

22. Table 3. Effect of various organic manures on wheat productivity Treatment Plant height (cm) Productive tillers (m 2 ) Number of grains/spike Test Weight (g) Grain yield (t/ha) HI (%) Control 67.0 151.3 37.7 31.89 1.54 27.60 NPK recommended 86.50 192.3 42.5 37.92 3.14 40.12 GM+FYM+PL 80.50 209.5 39.0 34.06 2.38 38.78 GM+FYM+PM 82.75 183.3 38.7 33.87 2.10 29.59 GM+FYM+ SS 76.75 162.3 44.7 36.39 2.65 41.37 GM+PL+PM 79.50 194.3 39.7 35.00 2.84 34.60 GM+PL+SS 82.75 230.8 49.25 38.63 3.65 44.77 GM+PM+SS 80.50 213.0 40.75 36.31 3.03 33.41 LSD (0.05) 2.97 32.71 3.37 1.35 0.29 4.26 Hammad et al. (2018)  International Journal of Agriculture and Biology GM- Green Manure Crop (Sesbania aculeate; PL- Poultry Manure; PM- Press Mud; SS- Sewage Sludge

23. Table 4. Effect of coir effluent on the morphological parameters of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek noted on the 35 day after planting Treatments Shoot length (cm) Root length (cm) Leaf area Plant height (cm) Control (Tap Water) 23.66 ± 1.24 12.33 ± 1.69 22.62 ± 2.23 34.99 ± 1.71 20% coir effluent 27.33 ± 2.05 15.66 ± 0.47 35.58 ± 0.99 42.99 ± 2.52 40% coir effluent 27 ± 1.41 12.33 ± 0.47 21.54 ± 0.87 39.33 ± 1.88 60% coir effluent 21.33 ±1.88 9 ± 1.24 19.53 ± 0.21 30.33 ± 3.12 80% coir effluent 20.33 ± 0.47 8.33 ± 0.94 12.24 ± 0.57 28.66 ±1.41 100% coir effluent 19 ± 1.69 7 ± 0.40 10 ± 0.59 26 ± 2.09 Rani et al. (2020) International Journal of R esearch an d Analytical Reviews

24. Treatments N (Kg/ha) P (Kg/ha) K (Kg/ha) Grain Yield (kg/ha) Stover Yield (kg/ha) T 1 - Paddy straw mulch + foliar spray of kaolin @ 3.0 % on 40 DAS 155.44 56.82 132.47 5895 9650 T 2 - Paddy straw mulch + foliar spray of kaolin @ 3.0 % on 20 & 40 DAS 172.46 63.68 146.79 6583 10464 T 3 - Groundnut haulm mulch + foliar spray of kaolin @ 3.0 % on 40 DAS 128.24 46.25 109.82 4877 8301 T 4 - Groundnut haulm mulch + foliar spray of kaolin @ 3.0 % on 20 & 40 DAS 142.31 52.36 121.49 5460 9102 T 5 - Coir-pith mulch + foliar spray of kaolin @ 3.0 % on 40 DAS 170.65 64.03 144.06 6420 10275 T 6 - Coir-pith mulch + foliar spray of kaolin @ 3.0 % on 20 & 40 DAS 187.15 69.60 156.22 6976 10980 T 7 - Sugar cane trash mulch + foliar spray of kaolin @ 3.0 % on 40 DAS 140.00 51.13 119.33 5308 8875 T 8 - Sugar cane trash mulch + foliar spray of kaolin @ 3.0 % on 20 & 40 DAS 157.54 58.01 134.33 5988 9775 T 9 - Farmers practice (No mulch 115.33 41.15 100.01 4479 7715 SEm ± 4.98 1.79 3.87 165.1 224.1 C.D. (p=0.05) 10.56 3.80 8.20 350 475 Vani et al. (2023) Journal of Applied and Natural Science Table 5. Effect of organic on NPK uptake and yield of dryland maize

25. Treatments Plant height (cm) No. of tillers/m row No. of grains ear/head Ear head length (cm) Test weight (g) Grain yield (q/ha) T 1 - Control 70.00 70.50 44.58 8.31 31.72 19.00 T 2 - FYM@ 15 t/ ha 81.17 84.83 50.83 9.40 34.90 33.09 T 3 - Neem green leaves@ 6 t/ ha 72.17 75.67 48.07 9.07 32.73 27.87 T 4 - FYM@10 t/ ha + Neem green leaves @ t/ ha 77.00 81.83 50.05 9.49 33.22 30.18 T 5 - FYM @ 10 t/ ha + vermicompost @ 1.25 t/ ha 85.83 91.00 55.18 9.60 37.17 39.14 T 6 - Neem green leaves @ 4 t/ ha + vermicompost @ 1.25 t/ ha 73.33 79.00 48.75 9.15 33.23 29.25 T 7 - FYM @ 5 t/ ha + Neem green leaves @ 2 t/ ha + vermicompost @1.25 t/ ha 83.50 87.33 51.65 9.42 35.03 37.02 SEm ± 2.14 2.55 1.81 0.26 1.07 1.31 C.D. (p=0.05) 6.50 7.72 5.49 0.78 3.24 3.98 Table 6. Effect of organic nutrient sources on growth and yield attributes, grain yield of wheat (Pooled Data) Parewa et al. (2019 ) International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management

26. Treatments Grain Yield (t/ha) Straw Yield (t/ha) Biological Yield (t/ha) HI (%) T 1 - Control 2.82 4.70 7.52 37.8 T 2 - NPK 4.96 7.58 12.5 39.6 T 3 - N25% (SS) + N75% + PK 5.05 8.03 13.1 38.6 T 4 - N50% (SS) + N50% + PK 5.03 7.73 12.8 39.4 T 5 - N100% (SS) + PK 4.60 6.82 11.4 40.4 T 6 - N200% (SS) + PK 4.67 7.27 11.9 39.1 T 7 - N300% (SS) + PK 4.65 8.45 13.1 35.7 T 8 - NPK + 2.5 t SS/ha 5.92 9.86 15.8 37.5 T 9 - LSD (0.05) 0.83 1.29 1.27 NS Table 7. Effect of Sewage sludge and fertilizer application on wheat yield, harvest index Verma et al. (2021 ) Indian Society of Soil Science N- Nitrogen, P- Phosphorus, K-Potassium & SS- Sewage Sludge

27. Table 8 . Effect of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on yield and yield attributes of maize Treatments No. of cobs /plant Cob length (cm) Grains/cob Test weight (g) Grain yield (Kg/ha) Control 1 a ±0 10.10 c ±0.05 230.77 d ±4.61 192 c ±8.32 1183 f ±317 100% RDF NPK 1 a ±0 14.02 b ±0.24 363.65 bc ±17.11 214.33 ab ±1.2 4983 b ±217 50% RDF NPK + 50% Vermicompost 1 a ±0 12.83 b ±0.09 331.22 c ±10.4 197 c ±5.68 2433 e ±233 100% Vermicompost 1 a ±0 13.81 b ±0.7 339.11 c ±10.96 205.33 abc ±2.6 3317 d ±133 100% FYM 1 a ±0 13.1 b ±0.14 330.44 c ±1.23 204.67 bc ±2.02 3500 d ±167 50% RDF NPK + 50% FYM 1 a ±0 15.33 a ±0.5 381.22 b ±15.8 213.33 ab ±1.66 4250 c ±450 50% RDF NPK + 25% FYM + 25% Vermicompost 1.33 a ±0 15.72 a ±0.63 459 a ±15.53 219 a ±3.05 5400 a ±67 Singh et al. (2022 ) Indian Journal of Agricultural Research

28. Success Stories

29. 1. Solid Waste Management Plant in Goa The plant is operated on a public-private partnership model between the Goa Waste Management Corporation (GWMC) and Hindustan Waste Treatment Pvt Ltd. This plant is run under leadership of Gargi Raote . The plant processes 150 tonnes per day of organic (wet) waste and 100 tonnes per day of inorganic (dry) waste. Organic waste produces biogas converted into electricity. (Generates 17,000 cubic meters of biogas which produces 1.37 megawatts (MW) of electricity daily). Surplus electricity (20-22 MW monthly) is supplied to the grid at Rs 5 per unit. Additionally 25-30 tonnes of sludge produce daily, converted into 6-8 tonnes of solid compost. Compost sold at Rs 4 per kilogram and some distributed for social welfare. The plant exemplifies sustainable waste management, converting waste into resources and promoting community engagement. Solid Waste Management Plant in Goa Source: Downtoearth.org 1. Solid Waste Management Plant in Goa

30. 2. Composting during the Pandemic: Waste to Wealth at Durga Mandir, E. Delhi The project, halted by the lockdown, focused on community-level waste management in Shahdara, installing an innovative composting unit on March 17 at Durga Mandir in Balbir Nagar Extension. Marigold flowers in waste dump yards were identified as a waste-to-wealth opportunity, connecting emotionally with people to facilitate behavior change and amplify waste segregation dialogue. Converting flowers into products was deemed unfeasible due to logistics costs, leading to the selection of a 300 KG capacity rotating-drum composting model based on ease of use, odor-free operation, space efficiency, durability, quick composting, and sufficient capacity. Engaged with Shri Satish Nagpal and Shri Rajesh Tyagi from Durga Mandir Committee, highlighting compost use for temple plants and community distribution. Installed the unit with community support, especially from women, and provided simple training. Despite the lockdown, temple management continued composting, and in July, a successful batch of compost was produced, demonstrating the unit's effectiveness. Under Su-Dhara, community champions were engaged for scaling up waste-to-wealth initiatives, launching the Kachre -se- Sampada campaign to promote household-level composting and implementing scalable waste management solutions. The successful composting unit at the temple proved efficient for onsite organic waste conversion, fostering community solidarity and enthusiasm for expansion, indicating a shift in behavior. Source: www.vertiver.com . . 2. Composting during the Pandemic: Waste to Wealth at Durga Mandir, E. Delhi

31. 3 . Bengaluru Startup Diverts 25 Tonnes of Waste Daily from Dump Yards Saahas Zero Waste, founded by Wilma Rodrigues in 2001, emerged from the launch of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules in 2000. Initially an NGO, it evolved into a for-profit business in 2013, supported by Indian Angel Networks and Upaya Social Ventures. Rodrigues' early career as a tour guide highlighted India's waste issues, inspiring her to tackle waste management. Saahas Zero Waste addresses the NIMBY (Not-in-my-back-yard) attitude by providing end-to-end waste management services for bulk waste generators like tech parks and residential complexes. They focus on waste segregation, real-time data tracking, recycling (Bags, T-Shirts from Plastic Bottles) and composting, promoting a YIMBY (Yes-in-my-back-yard) culture. Managing over 25 tons of waste daily through composting and recycling, they aim to scale up to 300 tons per day across India, addressing the vast waste problem in cities like Bangalore. Source: www.yourstory.com . . Wilma Rodrigues CEO of SZW Waste Segregation Waste Management 3. Bengaluru Startup Diverts 25 Tonnes of Waste Daily from Dump Yards

32. 3 . Bengaluru Startup Diverts 25 Tonnes of Waste Daily from Dump Yards A 55-seater bus powered by biogas from cow dung was launched in Kolkata, claimed to be India's first such service. Charging a nominal fare of Rs 1 per passenger, the bus runs on the 17.5 km Ultadanga-Garia route with a mileage of 6 km per kg of biogas, which costs Rs 20. This initiative, under a central subsidy plan by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, will deploy five buses initially, expanding to 16 across 12 routes in Kolkata. These non-AC buses aim to promote eco-friendly fuel as an alternative to fossil fuels. Phoenix India Research and Development Group, selected by the Union ministry, has set up a biogas plant in Birbhum producing 1,000 kg of gas daily, transported to Kolkata by tankers. The company plans to establish 100 fuel pumps, starting with one at Ultadanga . Source: www. indianexpress.com . . Biogas Buses 4 . Kolkata gets biogas bus

33. Effective bio-waste management reduces environmental pollution and disposal costs, contributing to a circular economy. Adding organic matter from bio-wastes improves soil structure, fertility, and microbial activity, leading to better crop yields. Integrating bio-waste into crop production supports sustainable farming practices by reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers and enhancing soil health. T here are significant positive impacts of various organic amendments on crop productivity and soil quality . Today’s Takeaway

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