Birds: Friends or Foes in Agriculture

This presentation tells you about role and importance of birds in agriculture and harmful effect of birds for agricultural crops with some scientific evidences as well. this presentation also elaborates modern techniques to manage avian pests.

1. BIRDS- FRIENDS OR FOES IN AGRICULTURE Suresh R. Jambagi M.Sc. (Agri) Agril. Entomology University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, Karnataka-580005 Email: [email protected]

2. OUTLINE 2 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

3. 3 BIRDS…..??? Anon., 2020 Warm blooded animals – body covered with feather – which can fly, swim and walk – lay eggs – shows parental care. They evolved from dinosaurs millions of years ago “Archaeopteryx lithographica ” - The First Bird Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

4. CLASSIFICATION: Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Sub phylum- Vertebrata Class- Aves 4 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

5. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF BIRDS….. Warm blooded (104° F) Mouth as a beak Fore limb modified into wings Hind limbs used for walking, running and swimming Heart four chambered Body contains air sacs which help in flight 5 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

6. 7 Dramatic loss of Biodiversity Large scale loss of Natural habitats Declining trend of birds in Agricultural landscapes in 20 th century Human activities Decrease in availability of food Climate change “Greatest extinction threat to birds” AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE Kross et al., 2016 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

7. 7 DIVERSITY OF BIRDS World- 10,000 Species Southern Asia- 1400 Species India- 1295 species of birds Karnataka- 500 species Anon., 2020 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

8. 8 143 species were feeding on seeds and fruits Dual Role in Agro- ecosystem 63 Bird species (19 families)- Damaging several crops Only 2.1% - inflict serious damage to crops Anon., 2020 AS FRIENDS AS FOES Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

9. 9 As a food Economic contribution Communication Used for hunting Competition games Beauty to nature Company for man Beauty or attraction Part of the food chain Scavenger role Key to seed propagation IMPORTANCE OF BIRDS TO HUMANS Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

10. 10 BENEFICIAL ROLE OF BIRDS IN AGRICULTURE POLLINATION SERVICE Humming bird - Key for wild flower pollination Sunbird (Tropics), Honeycreepers (Hawaii), Honeyeaters (Australia), Brush-tongued parrot (New guinea) and Spiderhunter. Plants- Shrimp plants, Verbenas, Bee balm, Honey suckles, Fuchsias, Hibiscus and Bromeliads 5% food and medicinal plants 31 Hawaiian bellflower species gone extinct USDA, 2019 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

11. 11 SOIL FERTILITY Birds excreta is rich in uric acid. The birds around the farm may contribute less to the manure. PEST CONTROL Birds rely on insects, their larva and pupa to feed themselves and their babies. Birds keep the pest growth under control and help the crop from pest attack. RODENT CONTROL Eagles keep an eye on these rodents and carry away for consumption. Thus they keep the rodent growth under control, which in turn helps the farmers. Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

12. 12 DIFFERENT FORAGING STRATEGIES OF BIRDS 1. Ground-foraging species: Juncos and Sparrows 2. Bark-foraging Species: Woodpeckers and Nuthatches 3. Aerial foraging species: Swallows eat flying pests in the adult stage 4. Foliage gleaning birds Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

13. BENEFICIAL BIRDS 1. Stone curlew ( Burhinus oedicnemus ) Habitat: Fallow country, Preferred open fields, scrub forests, etc. Food: Lizards, Insects, Worms etc 13 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

14. 2. Common Iora ( Aegithina tiphia ) Habits: Arboreal, Seen in pairs or in small parties in gardens Food: Larvae, insects etc. 14 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

15. 3. Oriental Magpie-Robin ( Copsychus saularis ) Habitat: Mainly gardens and grooves in the villages Food: Chiefly insects 15 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

16. 4. Indian - Robin ( Saxicoloides fulicata ) Habits: seen in pairs, stony scrub areas. Food: Chiefly insectivorous 16 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

17. 5. Black – winged stilt ( Himantopus himantopus ) Habits: Seen regularly in winter Food: Larvae, Aquatic insects, etc. 17 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

18. 6. Cattle Egret ( Bubulcus ibis ) Habits: Gregarious, mostly associated with cattle Habitat: Damp grass land, Paddy fields Food: fishes, frogs, Insects, etc. 18 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

19. 7. Black-shouldered Kite ( Elanus caeruleus ) Habits: Usually seen in cultivated areas with scattered trees or woodland glades. Food: Insects 19 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

20. 8. Pariah Kite ( Milvus migrans govinda ) Habits: Gregarious throughout the year Habitat: Around human habitation Food: Garbage remains, termites, etc. 20 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

21. 9. Red- wattled Lapwing ( Vanellus indicus ) Habitats: Any open flat ground near water Food: Grubs, Insects, molluscs , etc. 21 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

22. 10. Barn Owl ( Tyto alba ) Habits: Nocturnal bird seen singles or in pairs in old forts, ruins Food: Rats, Mice, Lizards etc. 22 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

23. 11. Spotted Owlet ( Athene brama ) Habits: It is crepuscular and nocturnal Food: Chiefly insectivorous, also lizards 23 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

24. 12. Green Bee-eater ( Merops orientalis ) Habits: Usually in pairs, seen in open country, Telegraphic wires in the city environs Habitats: Open country with scattered trees Food: Insectivorous, Mainly feeds on Diptera 24 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

25. 13. Red- rumped swallow ( Hirundo daurica ) Habits: Gregarious can be seen on telegraphic wire, etc. Habitats: Open grassy hill slopes Food: Insectivorous 25 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

26. 14. Bay-backed Shrike ( Lanius vittatus ) Habits: singles , seen in dry open country. Food:- Locusts, mice 26 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

27. 15. Black Drongo ( Dicrurus macrocercus ) Habits: Open country, Usually perches on telegraph wires. Habitats: Open cultivation Food: Insectivorous 27 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

28. 16. Bank Myna ( Acridotheres ginginianus ) Habit: Gregarious foraging in flocks Habitat: Cultivated farmland and open water Food: feed on caterpillars, sorghum, grape and pearl millet 28 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

29. 17. Common Mynah ( Acridotheres tristis ) Habit: Open woodland bird with a strong territorial instinct Habitat: Adapted well to urban environment Food: Omnivorous ‘Grasshopper hunter’ 29 First natural enemy to be introduced from India to Mauritius to control Red locust (1762). Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

30. Although it is well known that insectivorous and predatory birds play a very useful role in controlling insect and rodent pests of crops, only a few attempts have been made to evaluate this role and these too only in case of insectivorous birds (Anon., 2020). Our knowledge on the impact of predatory birds on rodent populations in India is practically nil (Anon., 2020). Verma (2006) found that house sparrow, common myna, red-vented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer and three other bird species in addition to wasps play important role in reducing Catopsilla sp. larvae in a medicinal crop, Cassia angustifolia. 30 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

31. Several species of insectivorous birds have been found to feed on insect pests of crops including Helicoverpa armigera (Chakravarthy, 1988; Parasharya et al., 1988; Singh et al., 1990). Insectivores birds have also been found to play an important role in biological control of insect pests through disease transmission besides direct predation (Battu, 1987; Vyas et al., 1988). Some of these bird species transmit NPV infecting H. armigera to healthy larvae of this pest (Vyas et al., 1988). 31 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

32. CASE STUDY-I: Objectives: To know avian-mediated pest control services in Alfalfa Effect of habitat management on avian population in Alfalfa Kross et al ., 2016 32 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

33. Treatment Position Weevil abundance (No./kg alfalfa 1. Exclosure a. At edge of field (5m) 35.19 b. Within exclosure 52.95 2. Control a. At field interior (Bird can access) 12.53 b. At field interior where bird could not access 18.86 Results: Birds reduced insect pests in conventional alfalfa by 33.56%. Conclusion: Increasing avian abundance in field lead to lower weevil densities. Reduction of pests occur where crops are near bird habitat- Habitat is Key Woody vegetation along alfalfa field edges provided a huge boost in benefits. Complexity of field edge habitat increases overall diversity and abundance of birds. Kross et al ., 2016 33 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

34. FIG.1. Effect of bird exclosures and in-field avian abundance on the mean number of weevils/kg of harvested alfalfa Here, Bird exclosures were positioned close to field edges (5m exclosures ) and within fields (55m exclosures ). Avian abundance was negatively associated with weevil density near the edge of the field whereas, opposite results were obtained at sampling point 55m inside the field. Kross et al ., 2016 34 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

35. 35 HARMFUL EFFECT OF BIRDS IN AGRICULTURE Birds can inflict damage to the crops in all the stages of crops right from sowing/ planting until the harvesting . At the sprouting stage , sometimes this damage is so severe that farmers have to re sow the affected fields. Negative impact of the birds on agricultural crops vary from “ region to region and season to season”. Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

36. Factors influence extent of bird damage to crop: 36 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

37. TYPES OF DAMAGE BY BIRDS Birds causes crop losses by….. Feeding on grains, fruits and sown seeds Pulling up seedlings Trampling seedlings Breaking branches when roosting Nipping buds Fouling nursery stock and lawns Damage irrigation pipes Serve as vectors of plant pathogens like bacteria 37 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

38. VERTEBRATE PESTS IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE Group Total No. of Species No. of species assessed to be causing crop damage Rodent 103 14 Bird 1364 63 Antelope 6 3 Deer 9 1 Elephant 1 1 Gaur 1 1 Wild boar 1 1 Black napped hare 1 1 Primates 13 5 Anon., 2018 38 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

39. 39 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

40. EXTENT OF BIRD DAMAGE TO CROPS CROP STAGE OF DAMAGE BIRD EXTENT OF LOSS (%) Groundnut Ripening Crows 24 Maize Sprouting Crows, Doves, Babblers 20 Mustard Ripening Parakeets, Crows 63 Pearl millet Ripening Sparrows, Parakeets, Weaverbirds 10-100 Peas Ripening Pigeons 54 Pulses Sprouting Doves, Pigeons, Parakeets, Sparrows 66 Rice Sprouting Weaverbirds, Sparrows 41 Ripening Sparrows, Weaverbirds, Munias, Parakeets, Saras cranes 26 Sorghum Ripening Pigeons, Doves 12-85 Sunflower Sprouting Crows 65 Ripening Crows , parakeets 22 Wheat Sprouting Crows 17-20 Kale et al ., 2012 40 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

41. DEPREDATORY BIRDS 1. Rose-ringed Parakeet ( Psittacula krameri ) Habits: A very adaptable species often associated with cultivation. Causes severe damage to the Maize crop Feeds on : Pearl millet, Wheat, Paddy, Maize, Sorghum, Sunflower, Safflower 41 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

42. 42 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

43. 2. Rosy Pastor ( Sturnus roseus ) Habit: Gregarious, form huge flocks at rich feeding sources. Causes damage to pearl millet, sorghum •Habitat : Cultivation , damp grass land • Food:- Insects etc. 43 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

44. 3. House Sparrow ( Passer domesticus ) Causes damage to pearl millet, paddy, sunflower It also feeds on green leafy vegetables. Food: Omnivores, grains, insects, fruits, buds etc. 44 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

45. 4. House Crow ( Corvus splendens ) Habitat: Closely associated with human activity. • Damage wheat, cobs of maize, jowar, groundnut, ripe fruits of fig, mulberry and chillies. Food: Omnivorous and also useful scavenger 45 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

46. 5. Baya -Weaver ( Ploceus philippinus ) Habitat: Cultivation , Paddy fields , pearl millet Food: Insects, grains, etc . 46 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

47. 6. Eurasian Collared Dove ( Streptopelia decaocto ) Habits: Often congregates in flocks where food is abundant Damaging the wheat fields Food: Seeds, Cereals etc. 47 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

48. 7. Blue Rock Pigeon ( Columba livia ) Habits: Lives in colonies all year Feeds on Cereals, pulses and nuts 48 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

49. 8. Ruff and Reeve ( Philomachus pugnax ) Damage the wheat fields Damage by these birds reported first time in coastal areas of Gujarat when the crop is at sowing and seedling stage. Food: Seeds, annelids, molluscs , crustaceans, spiders, insects, fish and amphibians 49 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

50. 9. Black-tailed Godwit ( Limosa limosa ) Habits: Feeds mainly by walking slowly Damage the wheat fields Damage by these birds reported first time in coastal areas of Gujarat when the crop is at sowing and seedling stage. Food : Aquatic insects larvae, worms, molluscs etc. 50 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

51. 10. Lesser Whistling Teal ( Dendrocygna javanica ) • Habits: Roosts in the daytime in trees • Habitat: grass land and paddy fields Damaged paddy crop in Kole area of Kerala. •Food: Chiefly vegetarian 51 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

52. 11. Demoiselle Crane ( Anthropoides virgo ) • Habits: Highly Gregarious • Damage Wheat and Groundnut crops • Heavily damaged wheat fields in Bhal area of Gujarat. • The migratory Demoiselle cranes caused damage up to 10% at the time of harvesting of groundnut crop. • Food:- Insects, aquatic insects 52 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

53. 12. Short – toed lark ( Calandrella cinerea ) Habit: Similar to those of other larks damaged wheat fields heavily in Bhal area of Gujarat. Food: Insects, etc. 53 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

54. 13. Pied Myna or Asian pied starling ( Gracupica contra ) Granivorous bird feeds mainly on sorghum Food: Insects, figs, etc. 54 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

55. 14. Red-billed weaver ( Quelea quelea ) Habitat: World worst bird pest caused heavy lost in African countries. Hence the name ‘ Africa's feathered locust ’. Feeds primarily on seeds of annual grasses, but also causes extensive damage to cereal crops.  It feeds in huge flocks of millions of individuals A serious agricultural pest in Sub-Saharan Africa. 55 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

56. 56 CROP LOSS DUE TO BIRDS IN DIFFERENT CROPS Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

57. 1. PEARL MILLET A total of 24 depredatory species were recorded in pearl millet crop. Rose ringed parakeet, Rosy pastor, House sparrow, Baya damaged the crop in North-western India. Estimation of bird damage varied highly in different states. Gujarat - 0.3 to 40% Andhra Pradesh -1.5 to 9% Punjab - 45% Delhi - 60% during kharif season. 57 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

58. White-cheeked Bulbul ( Pycnonotus leucogenys ) This was reported first time to feed on the pearl millet crop in large numbers in the arid and semi-arid zones. Anonymous, 2018 58 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

59. 2 . WHEAT About 13 species of birds damaged standing wheat. Damage was significantly high in Rajasthan. Most common species:- Rose ringed Parakeet, Ring dove, Baya Other species:- Cattle Egret, Glossy Ibis, Little Brown Dove, Large Grey Babbler and Red wartled Lapwing. Extent of damage: 0.2 to 41% Germinating late sown crop- 38-95% Sprouting stage- 78% 59 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

60. 3. PADDY 39 species of birds fed on the grains of standing crop in Gujarat. The Indian Pea Fowl teals and Common Moorhen caused the damage to the tune of 10.5% and 12% respectively. Most common species:- Baya , House Sparrow, and Rose ringed Parakeet Minor species:- Gargany Teal and Whistling Teal Extent of damage: Nursery- 0.6- 5% Ripening stage- 1.4- 25.9% Punjab- 0.1 to 6.5% Kerala- 1.5 to 6% Andhra Pradesh- 1.5 to 3% Gujarat- 0.1 to 1% 60 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

61. 4. SORGHUM It is one of the preferred crops by the granivorous birds. Total 26 species were recorded feeding on sorghum. Most common species:- Rose ringed Parakeet, Rosy Pastor and Bank Myna Rajasthan- 2.3 to 48% Andhra Pradesh- 0.5 to 16.6% Gujarat- 0.4 to 18.6% 61 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

62. 5. MAIZE 10 species of birds were reported to feed on maize, of which the Rose ringed parakeet was important in all the states. Gujarat- 0.3 to 2.5% Punjab- 3.3 to 7.5% Andhra Pradesh 10 to 40% Rajasthan- 0 to 20% 62 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

63. 6. SUNFLOWER Rose ringed parakeet and House crow were the predominant depredators. Only because of the bird problem, the crop could not be introduced in Gujarat state. Andhra Pradesh- 10-30% Rajasthan- 40-90% Punjab- 5.7-29% 63 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

64. 7. SAFFLOWER Rose ringed parakeet was the only species feeding mainly on the peripheral plants of the crop. The damage was negligible in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. 64 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

65. 8. GROUNDNUT Maximum damage can be seen from sowing to sprouting stage. About 3 to 33% damage was done by 10 species of birds in Saurashtra region of Gujarat. The migratory Demoiselle cranes cause damage up to 10% at the time of harvesting. After harvest, about 100 kg/ha grains remained in the field. Major bird species:- Rose- ringed parakeet, Blue Rock Pigeon, Ring Dove, Black Ibis, Indian Ring Dove, Rosy pastor. 65 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

66. 9. FRUIT CROPS CROP STAGE EXTENT OF DAMAGE (%) BIRD SPECIES MANGO Ripening 3-10 Rose-ringed Parakeet GUAVA Ripening 3-5 Rose-ringed Parakeet, Large Indian Parakeet, Red vented Bulbul, House Crow, Jungle Crow, Small Green Barbet POMOGRANATE Ripening 2-20 Rose-ringed Parakeet, Large Indian Parakeet, House Crow, Jungle Crow GRAPE Ripening 2-27 Purple Sunbird, Red vented Bulbul, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Koel , Rosy Pastor, Common Myna , Golden Oriole DATE PALM Ripening 0.1-1 Rose-ringed Parakeet, Bank Myna, Common Myna, Brahminy Myna, House Crow, White throated Munia APPLE Ripening 5-13 Slaty headed Parakeet, Rose- ringed Parakeet, Large Indian Parakeet, Blossorn headed Parakeet, Himalayan Bulbul, Jungle Crow, Red billed Blue Magpie, Great Hill Barbet, White cheeked Bulbul, Streaked Laughing Thrush, Scaly bellied Green Woodpecker BANANA Ripening 19.4 Small Green Barbet, House Crow, Jungle Crow, Common Myna PAPAYA Ripening 19.9 Koel , House Crow, Jungle Crow, Red vented Bulbul, Brahminy Myna, Small Green Barbet Anon., 2018 66 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

67. 67 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

68. CASE STUDY-II: Objectives: To know the level of awareness among the farmers about crop damage caused by birds. To know current measures undertaken by them to reduce bird damage. To asses the damage to the field crops caused by crop land birds. Kale et al ., 2014 68 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

69. Methodology: Location: Maharashtra- Pune, Akola and Amaravati Method: Questionnaire survey through farmers interview in 22 villages (757 farmers) B. Damage assessment study: By visual estimation and digital camera Select plots at edges and interior. Size of each plot: Total No. of plots: 22 X (8 Interior X 8 Edges )= 352 plots   69 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

70. Results: Awareness of crop damage perceived by farmers: Questionnaire reveal that maximum No. of farmers was aware of crop loss due to birds They feel that there is a need for a sustainable solution to control bird damage. All farmers accept that they are using some kind of traditional bird scaring techniques. Most of the farmers were not satisfied with conventional bird scaring techniques due to their less effectiveness and non-reliable nature. 70 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

71. B. Assessment of crop damage: They concluded that crop loss was more at the edges of crop land due to the presence of trees , bushes and fencing along edges. Sorghum crop damage at interior was more as compared to edges. Maximum loss- Sorghum (52%) by Sparrows, Weaver bird and Parakeets. Minimum damage – Wheat (7%) by Crows. Peas -42% by Pigeons Groundnut- 26% by Sparrows and Weaver bird Maximum damage to the Pearl millet and Sunflower was caused by Sparrows and Weaver bird. 71 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

72. Conclusion: Sorghum was the most affected crop due to depredation followed by Pearl millet and combined Chickpea and Pigeon pea crops. The birds can cause 10-40% damage and may cause 90% damage in isolated areas in Sunflower field. Kale et al ., 2014 72 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

73. MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR DEPREDATORY BIRDS: Shooting Fumigation Poison bait Nest destruction Wrapping method on maize crop Reflective ribbon for bird scaring Screen crop Lure crop Bio-acoustics 73 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

74. 10. Automatic mechanical bird scarer (Pyrotechnic method) 11. Botanical repellents Seed treatment for protecting sprouting seeds Habitat manipulation Spraying of egg solution/ rock salt solution Netting 16. Scare crows (Pitcher-effigy) 17. Machan 18. Drumming 74 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

75. 19. Potter trap 20. House trap 21. Hanging dead bird 22. Balloons 23. Fireworks 24. CD’s and DVD’s 75 Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc (Agri) Agricultural Entomology

76. CONCLUSION..!!? Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi, M.Sc. (Agri) Agricultural Entomology 76