Bitter principle used as sedatives1.pptx

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1. Bitter principle used as sedatives Prepared by Haneen Morsy Ramadan ID: 1220009

2. The bitter principles are heterogeneous compounds that doesn't belong to the class of alkaloids, but they have a characteristic bitter taste. The term Bitters or Bitter principles is usually used to indicate a group of natural products that have an intensely bitter taste and were traditionally used in liquid medicaments to stimulate appetite. Many of these products and drugs containing them are still included in tonic formulations and are usually administered before meals. Introduction

3. Active Compounds : Valerenic acid, valepotriates, and other volatile oils. Valerian root (Valeriana officinalis) is a widely used herbal supplement known for its sedative and anxiolytic properties. Here are the key points about its bitter principle, natural source, mechanism of action, and uses: Valerian Root (Valeriana officinalis)

4. Natural Source: Valerian root is derived from the Valeriana officinalis plant, a perennial flowering plant native to Europe and parts of Asia. The medicinal components are primarily found in the root and rhizome of the plant. Bitter Principle: The bitter principles in valerian root include valerenic acid and its derivatives, as well as valepotriates. These compounds contribute to the herb's characteristic strong odor and taste. Valerian Root (Valeriana officinalis)

5. Mechanism of Action: GABA modulation: Valerian increases gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the brain, enhancing its inhibitory effects. Binding to GABA receptors: Valerenic acid binds to the beta subunit of GABA-A receptors, similar to benzodiazepines, promoting a calming effect. Inhibition of GABA breakdown: Valerian may inhibit enzymes that break down GABA, prolonging its effects. Valerian Root (Valeriana officinalis)

6. Uses: Insomnia: It may improve sleep quality and reduce the time to fall asleep. Anxiety: Valerian has anxiolytic properties that may help reduce symptoms of anxiety. Stress relief: It is used as a natural remedy to promote relaxation and reduce stress. Menopausal symptoms: Some studies suggest it may help alleviate hot flashes in menopausal women. Menstrual issues: Valerian may help with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. Restless legs syndrome: Limited research indicates potential benefits for this condition. Valerian Root (Valeriana officinalis)

7. Market Product Valerian Root (Valeriana officinalis)

8. Bitter orange is derived from the Citrus aurantium tree, particularly its flowers, fruit, peel, and leaves. Mechanism of Action : The anxiolytic and sedative effects of bitter orange are thought to be related to its interaction with 5-HT1A receptors. It may also enhance the effects of other sedatives, as demonstrated by its ability to increase the hypnotic effect of pentobarbital in animal studies. Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium)

9. Uses: Sedative for anxiety and insomnia Treatment of digestive issues Cardiovascular support Weight loss (as an ephedra alternative) Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium)