Blackgram

Agronomic and cultural practices of black gram (soil ,climate ,seed rate ,distribution ,varieties, diseases and pest management,maturity ,harvesting, yield )
Recommendations for the farmer to get maximum yield .

1. Sudhir Yadav MSc Agronomy 185041020 Nutritive value, varieties, irrigation, plant protection and other cultivation practices of Black Gram

2. Introduction Botanical Name: Vigna mungo Family: Leguminoseae . It is one of the important pulse crop grown throughout India. Generally it is consumed in the form of ‘Dal ’. It is the chief constituent of ‘ papad , idly and dosa ’ It is also used as green manuring crop. It accounts 13 % total pulses area and 10 % total pulses production in India. It fixes atmospheric nitrogen into soil and improve the soil fertility. Source - ICAR - Handbook of Agriculture

3. . It controls soil erosion and compete with weeds effectively due to its deep root system and foliage cover . • Besides, this green fodder of urdbean is very nutritive and is specially useful for milch cattle. • Urdbean being leguminous has the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen and thus helps in restoring the soil fertility. Origin - Urd or black gram is a native of India Source - Wikipedia and iKISAN

4. Nutrient content (Per 100g of edible portion) i . Carbohydrate : 58.9% ii . Protein : 25.2 % iii. Water : 10.8% iv . Fat : 1.6% v . Calcium : 138mg vi . Iron : 7.57mg Source – Agropedia from Internet

5. Area, production and productivity of Urdbean in India Area (3 million ha) Maharashtra (18.55%), Andhra Pradesh (16.23%), Madhya Pradesh (18.55%), Uttar Pradesh (12.61 %) Production (1.3 million tonnes) Maharashtra(23.36%), Andhra Pradesh (18.50%), Uttar Pradesh (12.29%), Madhya Pradesh (11.86 %) Productivity (kg ha-1) Andhra Pradesh (1447.62), Gujarat (976.74), Karnataka (937.19), Maharashtra (872.14 ) Source – Directorate of Economics and Statistics ,Ministry of Agriculture (GOI) - 2018

6. Climate • It is generally grown in kharif season. • It grows best in hot and humid condition with ideal temperature range between 25°C to 35°C. • It can be grown successfully from sea level up to an elevation of 1800 meters . • Heavy rains during flowering are harmful. • It is best suited to areas having an annual rainfall of 60 to 75 cm. Source – IndiaAgroNet.Com

7. Soil • Black gram does well on heavier soils such as black cotton soils which retain moisture in a better way. • It can be grown in all types of soils ranging from sandy loam to heavy clay, except the alkaline and saline soils. • Loam or slightly heavy soils with neutral pH are best suited for urdbean. • Soil should be well drained and having good water holding capacity. • Waterlogged, saline and alkaline soil should be avoided. Source – IndiaAgroNet.Com

8. Land Preparation • L and should be ploughed in summer followed by two to three harrowing at pre-monsoon for kharif season. • Land should be well levelled. • Collect the weeds, previous crops stubbles, stones and clean the field for sowing. • If necessary, one pre-sowing irrigation should be given. Source – IndiaAgroNet.Com

9. Sowing • Sowing should be done in line by drilling method. • Seeds should not be sown more than 5 to 6 cm depth. Time of sowing • Middle of June to middle of July is the proper time for black gram sowing in kharif season. • For summer, sowing should be done from middle of February to middle of March. • Late sowing should be avoided. Source – Crop Management ( 2010) S. S. Singh

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11. Seed treatment Rhizobium 200 gm + PSB 250 gm /10kg of seed.  Seed treatment with ( Carbendazim 1 gm+ Thiram 1.5 gm) per kg of seed. Greengram blackgram   under intensive cropping should be treated with Carbofuran @ 0.2% one week before Rhizobium treatment against Root knot  and Reniform nematode. Black gram fixes 57-105 kg/ha nitrogen

12. Seed rate and spacing Kharif -> 12 to 15 kg / ha*seeds with spacing of 30 X 10 cm Summer -> 20 to 25 kg / ha*seeds with spacing of 20-25 X 10 cm *Kharif season crop requires lesser seed rate and wider spacing because of very profuse plant growth but summer season crops need closer spacing and thereby a higher seed rate is required. Source – Crop Management (2010) S. S. Singh

13. V arieties The powdery mildew - resistant variety LBG 17 is suitable for rabi in southern zone, and varieties PDU 1 and Mash 414 are suitable for spring season. Use of resistant varieties is recommended as follows: Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV) resistant varieties : Pant U - 19, Pant U - 30 Sarala, Jawahar urd - 2, Teja (LBG - 20), ADT - 4 Powdery Mildew (PM) resistant varieties : TAU - 2 , IPU 02 - 43 Stem fly resistant varieties : KBG - 512 Cercospora leaf spot resistant varieties : Jawahar urd - 2, Jawahar urd - 3 .

14. Varieties recommended for Punjab :-UG 218, T 9, Mash 1-1, Mash 48, PS 1, PDU 1 (Spring ) Varieties recommended for Haryana:- Mash 1-1, Mash 48, T 9, UG 218, PDU 1 (Spring), Pant U 19.

15. Fertilizer management 20:40:20 NPK kg/ha along with 20 kg S/ha greatly increases yield of pulses and also benefit the succeeding crop. Among the micro nutrients Zn is the most deficient nutrient. So the application of Zn @ 25 kg/ha as basal gives very promising results.  Boron and Molybdenum gives better results in acid soil. Foliar spray of 2% DAP and 2% KCl at Pre flowering stage enhances the yield. Source – IndiaAgroNet.Com

16. Irrigation management Kharif season crop is generally given one pre-monsoon at the time of seed bed preparation to ensure good germination but thereafter it does not need any irrigation until an drought occurs, but in summer season irrigation should be given as per critical stages and availability of irrigation water. Number and frequency of irrigation depend upon the soil type and weather. The crop should get irrigation at an interval of 10-15 days . From flowering to pod development stage, there is need of sufficient moisture in the field. Source – Crop Management (2010) S. S. Singh

17. Weed management Two hand weeding should be done once after 20-25 days and second time after about 35-40 days of sowing depending upon the weed intensity. Weeds can be controlled by the use of herbicides if labour is not available i.e. Basalin 1 kg a.i . / ha in 800-1000 litres of water as pre-planting application. Source – Crop Management (2010) S. S. Singh

18. Plant protection The major diseases are yellow mosaic in northern plains and powdery mildew in southern and south-eastern regions (in rabi). To control insect and pest, yellow mosaic virus, application of Phorate in soil before or at sowing @ 1 kg/ha is required. Pod borer- spray Triazophos / Monocrotophus @ 2 ml/ ltr of water, Carbaryl @ 2 kg/ha Aphids- Spray methyl dementon 25 EC @ 1000 ml/ha White fly -Spray the crop with Imidacloprid @ 1 ml/3.5 ltrs of water/Flonicamid-200gm/Ha

19. Harvesting, Threshing & Storage Urd should be harvested when 70-80 % pods matured and most of the pods turn black. Over maturity may result in shattering. Harvested crop should be dried on threshing floor for few days and then threshed. Threshing can be done either manually or by trampling under the feet of bullocks. The clean seeds should be sun dried for 3 - 4 days to bring their moisture content at 8-10% to safely store in appropriate bins. A well managed crop of Urd may produce 12 - 1 5 quintals grains/ha.

20. Recommendation to achieve higher production Deep summer ploughing once in 3 years. Seed treatment should be done before sowing. Application of fertilizer should be based on soil test value. In kharif season sowing should be done by ridge & furrow method. Yellow mosaic resistant/ tolerant varieties IPU 94 - 1 (Uttara), shekhar 3(KU 309), Ujala (OBJ 17), VBN ( Bg ) 7, Pratap urd 1 etc choosen as per suitability to a region. Weed control should be done at right time. Adopt integrated approach for plant protection.

21. References Singh , S.S. (2010) : Crop Management, Kalyani Publishers. 4:192-196. Rai, M. (2013) : Handbook of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agriculture Research. 6:1087-1119. Internet Source : • Retrieved from wikipedia https :// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna_mungo • Retrieved from iKISAN : http:// www.ikisan.com/up-blackgram-history.html • Retrieved from agropedia : http:// agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/area-productionand-productivity-major-pulses Retrieved from Indian Institute of Pulses Research : http:// www.iipr.res.in/epulse-data-book.html • Retrieved from IndiaAgroNet.Com : https:// www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/crop%20info/black_gram.html • Retrieved from TNAU agritech portal : http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/CropProduction/Pulses/pulses_blackgra m.html