In 1642, in an effort to ease his father's endless, exhausting calculations,
and recalculations, of taxes owed and paid, Pascal, not yet nineteen,
constructed a mechanical calculator capable of addition and
subtraction, called Pascal's calculator or the Pascaline. The Musée des
Arts et Métiers in Paris and theZwinger museum in Dresden, Germany,
exhibit two of his original mechanical calculators. Though these
machines are early forerunners to computer engineering, the calculator
failed to be a great commercial success. Because it was extraordinarily
expensive thePascaline became little more than a toy, and status
symbol, for the very rich both in France and throughout Europe.
However, Pascal continued to make improvements to his design through
the next decade and built twenty machines in total.
Pascal’s Calculator.
Blaise Pascal invented the second mechanical calculator, called
alternatively the Pascalina or the Arithmetique, in 1645, the first being
that of Wilhelm Schickard in 1623.
Pascal began work on his calculator in 1642, when he was only 19 years
old. He had been assisting his father, who worked as a tax commissioner,
and sought to produce a device which could reduce some of his
workload. Pascal received a Royal Privilege in 1649 that granted him
exclusive rights to make and sell calculating machines in France. By 1652
Pascal claimed to have produced some fifty prototypes and sold just
over a dozen machines, but the cost and complexity of the Pascaline—
combined with the fact that it could only add and subtract, and the
latter with difficulty—was a barrier to further sales, and production
ceased in that year. By that time Pascal had moved on to other pursuits,
initially the study of atmospheric pressure, and later philosophy.
Pascalines came in both decimal and non -decimal varieties, both of
which exist in museums today. The contemporary French currency
system was similar to the Imperial pounds ("livres"), shillings ("sols") and
pence ("deniers") in use in Britain until the 1970s.
In 1799 France changed to a metric system, by which time Pascal's basic
design had inspired other craftsmen, although with a similar lack of
commercial success. Child prodigy Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz devised a
competing design, the Stepped Reckoner, in 1672 which could perform
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division; Leibniz struggled for
forty years to perfect his design and produce sufficiently reliable