Blood

Blood

1. Blood Ch 17

2. White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells Artery Blood

3. Deliver O2 Remove metabolic wastes Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume Protection from blood loss- platelets Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC Transport hormones Function Blood

4. Plasma- 55% Formed elements- 45% Blood Buffy coat- <1%

5. 90% Water 8% Solutes: Proteins Albumin (60 %) Alpha and Beta Globulins Gamma Globulins fibrinogens Gas Electrolytes Blood Plasma Components-55%

6. Organic Nutrients Carbohydrates Amino Acids Lipids Vitamins Hormones Metabolic waste CO 2 Urea Blood Plasma Components

7. Buffy Coat- <1% Leukocytes Platelets

8. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Platelets (thrombocytes) Formed Elements of the Blood-45%

9. Erythrocytes

10. Erythrocyte  7.5  m in dia ·    Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro in red bone marrow ·    Hematopoiesis- production of RBC ·     Function- transport respiratory gases ·     Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2  chains ·     Lack mitochondria. Why? ·    1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules ·     Men- 5 million cells/mm 3 ·     Women- 4.5 million cells/mm 3 ·    Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)

11. Hemoglobin

12. Erythropoiesis Erythropoiesis: red blood cell production A hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast Proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts

13. Erythropoiesis Phases in development Ribosome synthesis Hemoglobin accumulation Ejection of the nucleus and formation of reticulocytes Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes

14. Figure 17.5 Stem cell Hemocytoblast Proerythro- blast Early erythroblast Late erythroblast Normoblast Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus Reticulo- cyte Erythro- cyte Committed cell Developmental pathway

15. Anemia - when blood has low O 2 carrying capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency. Factors that can cause anemia- exercise, B12 deficiency RBC Diseases

16. Granulocytes Neutrophils- 40-70% Eosinophils- 1-4% Basophils- <1% Agranulocytes Monocytes- 4-8% Lymphocytes- 20-45% Never let monkeys eat bananas 4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3 Types of Leukocytes

17. Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte platelet

18. ID WBC’s

19. Platelets Small fragments of megakaryocytes Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin Blue-staining outer region, purple granules Granules contain serotonin, Ca 2+ , enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

20. Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding Tissue Damage Platelet Plug Clotting Factors Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm 3

21. Hemostasis: 4. Coagulation Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation

22. Hemostasis (+ feedback) Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin Clotting Factors thromboplastin Traps RBC & platelets Platelets release thromboplastin

23. Blood Clot Fibrin thread Platelet RBC

24. Thromboembolytic Conditions Prevented by Aspirin Antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2 Heparin Anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care Warfarin Used for those prone to atrial fibrillation

25. Type A Type B Type AB Type O Blood Types

26. Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood type Antigen Antibody A A anti-B B B anti-A A & B AB no anti body Neither A or B O anti-A and anti-B Antigen - protein on the surface of a RBC membrane Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination) Blood Typing

27. Type A b b b b b b b

28. Type B a a a a a a a

29. Type O a a a b a a a b b b

30. Type AB

31. Rh Factor and Pregnancy RH- indicates no protein RH+ indicates protein RH+ indicates protein                                                                                                               

32. Figure 17.16 Serum Anti-A RBCs Anti-B Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and B; agglutinates with both sera) Blood being tested Type A (contains agglutinogen A; agglutinates with anti-A) Type B (contains agglutinogen B; agglutinates with anti-B) Type O (contains no agglutinogens; does not agglutinate with either serum)