Blood banking and Blood transfusion .pptx

Blood transfusion

1. Blood Transfusion

2. Transfusion of blood or its component from one person ( T he Donor) to other person (recipient ). The donor should fulfill a special criteria regarding age , HB concentration and the general health status. Either allogeneic (collected from another person) or autologous ( from the same person).

3. The main blood component ( produced by centrifugation of one nit of whole blood ) are : Backed red blood cells . Fresh frozen plasma. Contain coagulation factors Platelets concentrates. Cryoprecipitate. Contain fibrinogen ,factor 8 & 9.

4. Red cell antigens and antibodies there are about 400 red blood cell antigens, only a minority are clinically important. An individual lacking a particular antigen may develop an antibody after exposure to red cells carrying the antigen.

5. The ABO blood group system

6. 'immune' antibodies 'naturally occurring' antibodies to red cell antigens predominantly IgM require no previous red cell antigen exposure occur in the ABO blood group system anti-A and anti-B Induced antibodies to red cell antigens Exposure occurs by transfusion of red cells or by passage of fetal red cells into the maternal circulation during pregnancy, IgG immune antibodies, anti-D antibody

7. The important clinical consequences of the development of an 'immune' antibody are the development of a hemolytic transfusion reaction on further exposure to red cells carrying the antigen , hemolytic disease of the newborn due to trans placental passage of maternal IgG antibody against fetal red cell antigens

8. anti-D antibody The most important 'immune' antibody antibody to the major antigen of the rhesus blood group system It is a major cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn. IgG immune antibodies

9. In red cell transfusion The cross-match procedure is used to determine compatibility is ensured between antigens on the donor erythrocytes and antibodies present in the recipient's plasma to avoid acute haemolysis of the donor cells which may be fatal.

10. The important clinical consequences of the development of an 'immune' antibody are the development of a hemolytic transfusion reaction on further exposure to red cells carrying the antigen , hemolytic disease of the newborn due to trans placental passage of maternal IgG antibody against fetal red cell antigens

11. Hemolytic transfusion reactions

12. Massive intravascular haemolysis : occurs when complement-activating antibodies, such as anti-A and anti-B, interact with the relevant antigen on transfused red cells. collapse, hypotension and pain in the lumbar region. Haemoglobin -stained urine oliguric renal failure may ensue. disseminated intravascular coagulation. This clinical scenario can develop after transfusion with only a few millilitres of incompatible red cells. . Immediate reactions

13. Treatment : immediate interruption of the transfusion, resuscitation with intravenous fluid, immunosuppression with corticosteroid therapy management of the renal failure. Fatalities still occur.

14. Delayed reactions gradual red cell lysis occurs, producing anemia and jaundice; Allergic reactions may also develop in a recipient because of hypersensitivity to a protein present in the donor plasma. Fever, urticaria and oedema may result Virus transmission :hepatitis B and C, HIV, parvovirus , cytomegalovirus, syphilis , malaria & prion Circulatory overload from excessive volume. bank blood is devoid of functioning platelets, transfusion of large volumes can cause thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage

15. Thanks