Blood - Composition and General Properties of Whole Blood.ppt

Useful to students

2. BLOOD
Blood is a
 body fluid and is essential to life.
Blood contains:
Living cells = formed elements
Non-living matrix = plasma (90% water)
Blood circulates through body and delivers essential
substances like oxygen and nutrients to the body’s
cells.
 It also transports metabolic waste products away
from those same cells.
There is no
 substitute for blood. It cannot be made or
manufactured.
Generous blood donors are the only source of blood
for patients in need of a blood transfusion.

3. BLOOD
 Connective tissue in fluid form
 Fluid of life – carries oxygen from lungs to all parts
of body and carbon-di-oxide from all parts of the body
to the lungs
 Fluid of growth – carries nutritive substances from
the digestive system and hormones from endocrine
gland to all the tissues.
 Fluid of health – protects the body against diseases
and get rid of unwanted substances by
transporting them into excretory organs like kidney.

4. General Properties of Blood
•Fluid in nature
•Thicker than water
•8 % of total body weight
•Blood volume
»70 mL/kg of body weight
»5 - 6 liters in males
»4 - 5 liters in females
•Temperature - 100.4
0
F / 38 C
•pH - 7.35 to 7.45
•More viscous than water
•Viscosity (relative to water) –
•Osmolarity - 280-
300 mOsm/L
•Mean salinity (mainly NaCl) - 0.85%
Whole blood: 4.5 – 5.5
Plasma: 2.0

5. Color range
•Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
•Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
 Hemoglobin
Female: 12-16 g/100 ml
male: 13-18 g/100 ml
 Mean RBC count
Female: 4.8 million/l
male: 5.4 million/l
 Platelets count 1,50,000-4,00,000/l
 Total WBC counts 4,000-11,000/l

General Properties of Whole Blood

6. Blood Functions
1.Respiratory
Transport O
2 from lungs to tissues
Transport CO
2 from tissues to lungs
2. Nutrition
Transport “food” from gut to tissues
3. Excretory
Transport waste from tissues to kidney (urea,
uric acid)
4. Protective
White blood cells , antibodies, antitoxins.

7. Blood Functions
5. Regulatory
regulate body temperature
 regulate pH through buffers
 coolant properties of water
 vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat
 regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolved
ions and proteins
6. Body Temperature
Water- high heat capacity, thermal conductivity, heat of
vaporization
 Typical heat generation is 3000 kcal/day

8. Blood composition
Suspension of cells in plasma (carrier fluid)
45% Cells
55% Plasma
Cells
Red cells
(erythrocytes) 99% 5x10
6
/mL
White cells (leukocytes)
7x10
3
/mL
< 1%
Platelets (thrombocytes)
3x10
5
/mL

9. Plasma-55%
Formed
elements-45%
Buffy coat-<1%

10. Blood composition

11. Blood Plasma Components
•Straw colored clear liquid
•Contains 90% water
•8% plasma proteins
created in liver
confined to bloodstream
Albumin
maintain blood osmotic pressure
Immunoglobulins
antibodies bind to foreign
substances called antigens
form antigen-antibody complexes
Fibrinogen
for clotting
•2% other substances
Nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones, waste products

12. •Organic Nutrients
•Carbohydrates
•Amino Acids
•Lipids
•Vitamins
•Metabolic waste
•CO
2
•Urea
Blood Plasma Components

13. Functions of plasma proteins
1.Coagulation of blood – Fibrinogen to fibrin
2.Defense mechanism of blood – Immunoglobulins
3.Transport mechanism – α Albumin, β globulin, transport
hormones, gases, enzymes, etc.
4.Maintenance of osmotic pressure in blood
5.Acid-base balance
6.Provides viscosity to blood
7.Provides suspension stability of RBC
8.Reserve proteins

14. Formed Elements of Blood
•Red blood cells (R.B.C.)
•White blood cells (W.B.C.)
 Granular leukocytes
 Neutrophils
 Eosinophils
 Basophils
 Agranular leukocytes
 Lymphocytes - T cells, B cells, Natural Killer Cells (N.K.C)
 Monocytes
•Platelets (special cell fragments)

15. Hematopoiesis- production of RBC
 
 
Anucleate in mammals
 
 
7.5m in diameter
 
  
Lack mitochondria
 
  
Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains and
2  chains
 
  
1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules
 
 
Men- 5 million cells/mm
3
 
  
Women- 4.5 million cells/mm
3
 
  
Life span 100-120 days
 
 
Destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)
Function- transport respiratory gases
Erythrocytes/ Red blood cells (RBC)

16. Functions of RBC
1.Transport oxygen from lungs to the tissues
(oxyhemoglobin).
2.Transport carbondioxide from tissues to lungs
(carboxyhemoglobin)
3.Hemoglobin acts as a buffer and regulates the
hydrogen ion concentration (acid base balance)
4.Carry the blood group antigens and Rh factor

17. These are complete cells, with a
nucleus and organelles
Crucial in the body’s defense against
disease
Able to move into and out of blood
vessels (diapedesis)
Can respond to chemicals released by
damaged tissues
Leukocytes / White blood cells (W.B.C.)

18. Normal levels =4,000 to 11,000 cells/ml
Abnormal leukocyte levels
Leukocytosis
Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
Generally indicates an infection
Leukopenia
Abnormally low leukocyte level
Commonly caused by certain drugs

19. White blood cells (W.B.C.)
•Granular leukocytes
 Neutrophils - 40-70%
 Eosinophils - 1-4%
 Basophils - <1%
•Agranular leukocytes
 Lymphocytes - 20-45%
- T cells, B cells, Natural Killer Cells
(N.K.C)
 Monocytes - 4-8%

20. Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
platelet

21. Granular leukocytes

22. Neutrophils
Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
Active Phagocytes & 1
st
Responders
Increase in number during infection
Act as phagocytes at active sites of
infection

23. Functions of Neutrophils
1.First line of defence against invading micro-
organisms.
2.Powerful and effective killer machine – contains
enzymes like protease, elastase, metalloproteinase,
NADPH oxidase; antibody like substances called
defensins.
Defensins – antimicrobial peptides active against bacteria and fungi.
3.Secrete Platelet Aggregation Factor (PAF) –
accelerates the aggregation of platelet during injury
to the blood vessels

24. Eosinophils
•Found in response to allergies and
parasitic worms
•Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
• Kill larger parasites and allergins

25. Functions of Eosinophils
Secrete lethal substances at the time of exposure to
foreign proteins/parasites
1.Eosinophill peroxidase – detroy worms, bacteria and
tumor cells.
2.Major basic protein – damage parasites
3.Eosinophill cationic protein (ECP)- destroys helminths.
4.Eosinophill derived neurotoxin – It is closely related to
the
 eosinophil cationic protein. It is relatively neutral
and has cytotoxic properties.
 It also serves as an
attractant to immune cells.

26. Basophils
Initiate inflammation
Have histamine-containing granules
Cause Infection Response
–Release Histamine  Dilating Blood
Vessels

27. Functions of Basophils
Basophill granules release some important substances like –
1.Histamine – Acute hypersensitivity reaction- vascular changes,
increase capillary permeability
2.Heparin – prevents intravascular blood clotting
3.Hyaluronic acid – necessary for deposition of ground
substances in basement membrane
4.Proteases – exaggerate inflammation
• Basophill have IgE receptor – hypersensitivity reaction

28. Agranular leukocytes

29. Nucleus fills most of the cell
Play an important role in the immune response
B Cells produce antibodies
T Cells respond to antibodies on foreign
tissue
Lymphocytes

30. •All lymphocytes function as a part of immune defense. The
immune system is crucial for recognizing foreign material in
organisms bodies and either killing the material or removing
it in some form. When antigens are found by lymphocytes,
an immune response is triggered to defend organisms bodies.
•Lymphocytes, such as T cells and B cells, have their specific
binding sites that allow them to recognize and attach to
antigens that have entered the body. T cells perform several
vital functions in the immune system, including assisting
other white blood cells during immune responses and
maintaining immunological balance in the body.
Functions of Lymphocytes

31. Largest of the white blood cells
Function as macrophages
Most Active phagocytes
Important in fighting chronic infection
Used for chronic, widespread infections
Monocytes

32. Monocytes Munch
•Monocytes have the ability to change into another cell form
called
 
macrophages 
before facing the germs. They can
actually consume or munch on harmful bacteria, fungi and
viruses. Then, enzymes in the monocyte's body kill and
break down the germs into pieces.
Monocytes Mount
•Monocytes help other white blood cells identify the type of
germs that have invaded the body. After consuming the
germs, the monocytes take parts of those germs, called
antigens and mount them outside their body like flags.
Other white blood cells see the antigens and make
antibodies designed to kill those specific types of germs.
Functions of Monocytes

33. Monocytes Mend
•Monocytes help mend damaged tissue by stopping the
inflammation process.
•They remove dead cells from the sites of infection, which
repairs wounds.
•They have also shown to influence the formation of some
organs, like the heart and brain by helping the components
that hold tissues together.
Functions of Monocytes

34. •Small fragments of megakaryocytes
•Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
•Irregular shape (Necessary in Clotting)
•Blue-staining outer region, purple granules
•Granules contain serotonin, Ca
2+
, enzymes,
ADP and platelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF)
•Initiate Clotting Cascade by clinging to
broken vessel walls
Platelets (Special cell fragments)

35. Figure 17.12
Stem cellDevelopmental pathway
Hemocyto-
blast Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte Platelets

36. Functions of Platelets
1.Blood clotting
2.Clot retraction
3.Defence mechanism
4.Homeostasis
5.Repair and rupture of blood vessel

39. THANX